The ethnobotany of Chinchero, an Andean community in southern Peru

o.

LDIANA

any

The Ethnobotany of Chinchero,

an Andean Community in Southern Peru

Christine Franqueniont
Timothy Plowman
Edward Franquemont
Stoen R. King
Christine Niezgoda
Wade I)
Calvin R. Sperling

March 30, 1990
Publication 1408

PUBLISHED BY FIELD ML

ISTORY

'nation for Contributors to Field iana

Ability to jv

submitted :rs before all m

Museum of Natural I i

i mdard-weight, 8 1 /?- by 11-inch paper with wide n
'\l-compatible computer using MS-DOS, also subm.:
> & 4, Wang PC, Samna, Mien

authors arc requested to submit a "Table of Contents,

page. In IT i he text should be pn

,:ny) and "Literature Cited."

he metric system (periods are not used after abbreviated measurements i
: ecent issues of Fieldiana.

Manual of Style (13th ed.), published by The I

k and journal titles should be given in full. Where abb:

:Jy should follow Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum and :omic

(botanical papers) or Serial Sources for the Biosis Data :

>rmation Service. Names of botanical authors should follow the "Draft Index of Author
<4 edition, or 77

cd in the t rm:

>rado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif., 943 pp.
id T. D. Pennington. 1963. A comparison of montane and lowland
nomy, and floristics. Journal of Ecology. 51:
ina: Cultural patterns in visions, pp. 63-80. In Bro

ton Publishers, The Hague, Netherlar
dor, pp. 785-821. In Steward. J. H., ed.. Handbook ol
vilizations. Bulletin 143, Bureau of American I

Guatemala. Part II. Polypodiaceae. Fieldia
(no! as "pi..

Pen and in!-

OBLIGATION IS PRINTED ON ACID-FREE PAPER.

FIELDIANA

Botany

NEW SERIES, NO. 24

The Ethnobotany of Chinchero,

an Andean Community in Southern Peru

Christine Franquemont fTimothy Plowman

Institute of Economic Botany
New York Botanical Garden
Bronx, New York 10458

Institute of Andean Studies

P.O. Box 9307

Berkeley, California 94709

Wade Davis

Institute of Economic Botany
New York Botanical Garden
Bronx, New York 10458

Department of Botany

Field Museum of Natural History

Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496

Edward Franquemont Steven R. King

Board on Agriculture
National Research Council
Washington, D.C. 20418

Calvin R. Sperling

Germplasm Services Laboratory
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service
Beltsville, Maryland 20705

Christine Niezgoda

Department of Botany

Field Museum of Natural History

Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496

Accepted November 1, 1988
Published March 30, 1990
Publication 1408

PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

1 990 Field Museum of Natural History
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 89-85570

ISSN 00 15-0746
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

TIMOTHY PLOWMAN
1944_1989

We dedicate this volume
with love and gratitude

to Tim Plowman,

who brought us all together

and showed us the way

Table of Contents

PREFACE vii

ABSTRACT 1

INTRODUCTION 1

CHINCHERO: THE SETTING, AN ANDEAN TOWN

2

LOCAL GEOGRAPHY 10

METHODS 14

CULTIVATED PLANTS IN CHINCHERO 19

EXPLANATION OF FORMAT

Species Information 29

Informant Biographies 31

Note on Quechua (Qichuwa) Orthography

32

LIST OF CHINCHERO PLANTS

Fungi 32

Lichens 33

Algae 34

Mosses (Musci) 34

Liverworts (Hepaticae) 35

Ferns and Fern Allies 36

Gymnosperms 40

Angiosperms 41

CONCLUSION 107

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 107

LITERATURE CITED 108

INDEX OF LOCAL NAMES Ill

GENERAL INDEX . . 1 22

List of Illustrations

1 . The town of Chinchero, built on Inca
ruins 3

2. The site of a Sunday barter and com-
mercial market in Chinchero 4

3. Two teams of three men plowing with
chakitaqlla (Andean footplow) in field
above Lake Piuray 5

4. Map of Chinchero, showing location of
zones and communities 6

5. A river cut dividing the western plains

and the eastern hills of Chinchero 7

6. A minkha labor group, assembled for
the day, resting after harvesting potatoes
8

7. Members of an ayni group work togeth-
er, hoeing in a potato field, in a lifelong
relationship of labor exchange 9

8. An ayni group works together to con-
struct a new house . .11

9. Schematic map of Chinchero 12

10. Mountain reflected in a pond on the
pampa of Yanacona 13

1 1 . Puqpuq waterfall said to be inhabited
by sirena (Sp.), the malignant female

spirit 15

1 2. Mother and daughter peeling potatoes

in house courtyard 16

13. An ayni group accomplishing first
hoeing of potato field with attendant rit-
ual 20

14. Harvest of maway (irrigated) fields 21

15. Tops of plants from maway (irrigated
field) used as fodder 22

16. A woman adding to a pile of potatoes
being harvested by a group of people
working in minkha 23

1 7. Anisette Huaman and his wife posing in
front of Anisette's household garden of
herbs and ornamentals raised for use,

sale, and curiosity 26

18. A ch'asti, an adolescent role in dance
groups and fiestas, cleaning wheat 28

19. Woman displaying lisas (Ullucus tubero-
sus) for sale or barter in Chinchero Sun-
day market 44

20. Woman washing quinua (Chenopodium
quinod) grains 50

2 1 . Graciano Pumaaylli assembling stalks of
huamanpito (Columellia obovata) for

use in basket-making 51

22. Graciano Pumaaylli using hands and

toe to begin weaving a basket 52

23. Nilda Callanaupa gathering the flowers
of kiku (Bidens andicola ssp.) to use for

a yellow dye 54

24. Children carrying kindling after a day

with flocks or in fields 61

25. Inflorescences of awarunkhu (Puya we-
berbaueri), woody stems and leaves of
tayanqa (Baccharis tricuneata), and suy-
tu (probably Eupatorium volkensii) are
gathered and burned and their ashes
made into llipta. an alkaline admixture
chewed with coca 68

26. Maria Huaman and daughter pulveriz-
ing ashes of plants to make llipta 69

27. Liquid being added to the pulverized
ashes so that they may be shaped into
patties of llipta 70

28. Formed masses of llipta drying 71

29. Melchior Cusihuaman and neighbor lay-
ing bundles of thatch onto a new roof . . 73

30. Anisette Huaman thatching a roof 74

31. Simeona Jaimes using a gourd as ladle List of Tables
to test chicha 75

32. Maria Livita straining boiled jora into a

raki (chicha jar) through a layer of ichu i. wild plants forming part of diet 24

(high-altitude grass spp.) on a basket ... 76 2. Origins of Chinchero cultigens 27

33. Oca (Oxalis tuberosd) cultivated for edi- 3. Minor cultivated plants . 29
ble tubers 90

34. Tools used to cultivate tubers are locally
made, especially of chachaquma (Escal-
lonia resinosa): plow (usually Eucalyp-
tus), kutiq (hoe and potato hook), qha-
suna (clod-breaker), and chakitaqlla
(footplow) 97

VI

Preface

The goal of the Chinchero ethnobotanical proj-
ect was to document, from an interdisciplinary
perspective bridging botany and anthropology, the
flora of a human community whose boundaries
are political and cultural as well as geographic. The
project developed from the long-term research in
this town in the high Peruvian Andes of two of us
(C.F., E.F.) which began with an exploration of
the cognitive and practical worlds of Andean
weavers (C. Franquemont & E. Franquemont, op.
cit.). During a long period of association with
Chinchero, we worked with members of the com-
munity in support of a range of projects, including
cultivation of potatoes, laying of pipes for a po-
table water system, and activities of the school and
the soccer league; in 1980 we took two cargos
(sponsored the participation of two dance groups)
for the town's annual celebration of the patron
saint (Spanish, fiesta patronat).

Two problems illustrate our (C.F., E.F.) moti-
vations in studying the ethnobotany of Chinchero.
A specific question arose in conversations with
Chinchero weavers. The town is home to one of
the community-specific textile traditions that
characterize the Cusco area (C. Franquemont,
1979, 1986; E. Franquemont & C. Franquemont,
1986, 1987). Like many other researchers, we
wanted to understand the meaning of the woven
designs. Since the designs had names, an obvious
place to start was to translate those names. Several
of the pal/ay (Quechua, 'design') names were said
also to be the names of plants. One plant, chili
chili, was particularly common; we were told that
it grows "right around here anywhere," always fol-
lowed by, "well, I don't see one right now, but
. . ." Five years later when we undertook a com-
plete survey of the plants of Chinchero, we still
did not know which plant was chili chili. We
were curious was the design, an elaborated zig-
zag, a picture of the plant, or a symbol for a sacred
or valuable plant? In a sense, this work was un-
dertaken to answer the question of the meaning
of a category named chili chili and of many other
categories as well. Those comparisons between
plants and weaving designs were in themselves a
question in taxonomy (C. Franquemont, 1986).
Chili chili, in fact, is the name given to at least
five plant species: Three are Geranium species, the
fourth, an Anemone, and the fifth, a Hydrocotyle.
All share an ornamentally scalloped leaf form, as
does the central motif in the woven design.

Between 1979 and 1982 we (C.F., E.F.) worked

with Chinchero residents to establish a center for
traditional culture located in Chinchero (C. Fran-
quemont, 1 982), a living museum designed to speak
for traditional Quechua life in dialogue with the
Spanish-speaking school system oriented to coast-
al culture. Segments of the project were dedicated
to agricultural systems, textiles, fiestas, music, sto-
rytelling, and finally, plants. In 1982 we began a
survey of the flora of the community of Chinchero
as an extension of the ongoing work toward cul-
tural preservation. It was clear that low esteem for
traditional knowledge of the environment was
working to put the people of Chinchero at a dis-
advantage with their more technologically ad-
vanced compatriots in a number of ways. First,
prestigious wheat (in bread) and rice, both expen-
sive imported commodities, were replacing locally
grown foods such as quinua and even potatoes in
the Quechua diet. Second, farmers' need for cash
and the consumption patterns of the larger re-
gional economy caused changes in agricultural
strategies. Large areas of land were being planted
to barley rather than Andean tubers, since the Cus-
co beer factory provided seed and guaranteed pur-
chase of harvests. Farmers were restricting the di-
versity of their potato crops, in some cases
influenced by government agricultural programs.
Many farmers sought short-term gains in ignoring
the traditional seven-year rotation system, relying
on chemical fertilizers to maintain productivity.
Third, the awe of modern medical technology such
as injections and pills progressive and lifesaving
in some situations was devaluing the daily prac-
tice of herbal medicine long used to maintain the
health of the community. These examples suggest
the urgency that the authors and the people of
Chinchero saw at that time in documenting the
local knowledge of plants.

One of us (T.P.) volunteered to coordinate the
considerable botanical aspect of the project, and
three of us (S.K., W.D., C.S.) agreed to collaborate
as field botanists. Funding was secured through
Earthwatch, Inc. With this team of six researchers,
19 energetic Earthwatch volunteers in two groups,
and the residents of Chinchero with whom we had
worked to create the cultural center, we were able
in 1982 to complete an extensive survey of
Chinchero flora.

Another year of fieldwork by one of us (C.F.) in
Chinchero in 1985-1986 continued the ethnobo-
tanical survey directing study specifically to the
logic of Quechua plant classification (C. Franque-
mont, 1987).

Vll

The Ethnobotany of Chinchero,

an Andean Community in Southern Peru

Abstract

An ethnobotanical study was conducted in
Chinchero, Peru. The political district of Chin-
chero has an area of more than 135 sq km at
altitudes between 3000 and 5000 m; the com-
munity's 18,000 residents form a cultural unit. A
floristic survey was undertaken in 1982 as part of
an ongoing ethnographic project on Chinchero cul-
ture. The methodologies of anthropologists and
botanists were combined to elicit a complete un-
derstanding of the relationship of Quechua people
and plants in this Andean environment. The study
identified at least 507 plant species in 319 genera
in 1 1 2 families, equivalent to more than 250 Que-
chua categories. For each species, the following
information is provided: Latin binomial, geo-
graphic distribution, locality, habitat, local names,
and ethnographic information. Even as Chinchero
undergoes rapid acculturation, individuals main-
tain knowledge of plants' characters and uses in
all aspects of daily life. We encountered 14 New
World and 17 Old World species cultivated as
food, tea, medicine, shelter, and commodities. In
addition, both wild and cultivated plants play vital
roles in ritual, myth, design, and local ecology. The
results of this unique multidisciplinary research
will be of use to a broad range of scholars.

Introduction

Ethnobotany has been an ill-defined discipline
without an established methodology. The defini-
tion of ethnobotany remains problematic, since its
first use in 1895 by Harshberger to refer to the
study of "plants used by primitive and aboriginal
people ..." (Ford, 1978, p. 33) and its more recent
redefinition by Ford as "concerned with the to-

tality of the place of plants in a culture and the
direct interaction by the people with the plants"
(Ford, 1978, p. 44). The form of an ethnobotanical
study depends on its author's identification as cog-
nitive anthropologist, botanist, archaeologist, or
ecological or physical anthropologist, among oth-
ers. Frequently, studies by one group are not useful
or even intelligible to another. Many studies have
concentrated on economics and utility, with an
underlying theme of usefulness to our own society,
but frequently ignoring the conscious or collective
activities of people. Alternatively, the anthropol-
ogical study of semantic domains, of naming sys-
tems, has been done by anthropologists, who often
ignore the natural world in which those human
activities take place.

The goal of research in Chinchero was to doc-
ument, from this interdisciplinary perspective, the
flora of a human community whose boundaries
are political and cultural as well as geographic. Our
work succeeds the remarkable ethnobotanical sur-
veys of Berlin et al. (1974), Principles ofTzeltal
Plant Classification, and Alcorn (1984), Huastec
Mayan Ethnobotany, and follows the presentation
used by Vickers and Plowman (1984). Ultimate
inspiration came from the New World ethnobo-
tanical studies of Richard Evans Schultes. In
Chinchero, we attempted a collaboration between
disciplines in a study which kept in mind the pur-
poses and methods of both botany and anthro-
pology. By providing a reporting format and a
specific methodology for ethnobotanical plant col-
lection and botanically relevant ethnography, the
study tried to satisfy the goals of ethnobotany, to
illuminate the human and cultural complexities of
people's relationships with plants, in a work where
both people and plants are visible.

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

The thousands of voucher specimens in the
Chinchero collection represent at least 507 plant
species in 3 1 9 plant genera in 1 1 2 plant families
and some 250 local categories. Specimens come
from nine communities of Chinchero between the
altitudes of 3000 and 5000 m. Forty-two species
are plants of Old World origin, one is from Aus-
tralia, and the remaining species are native to the
New World. The majority of species is limited in
present distribution to the Andes. By our estimate,
the collection represents 95% of the flowering plant
species growing in Chinchero, including several
species new to science, a number of plants never
before reported from Peru, and a large number of
plants collected for the first time from the Cusco
area. Detailed ethnographic information accom-
panies virtually every plant specimen. The collec-
tion is the most comprehensive ethnobotanical
survey ever done in the central Andes.

A variety of specialists have devoted their work
to the ethnobotany of the Andean highlands, in-
cluding ancient plant use (Towle, 1961). Both early
priests (particularly Cobo) and the great European
geographic expeditions (Ruiz and Pavon, Rai-
mondi) took an interest in the broad range of cul-
tivated and utilized plants they encountered (Her-
rera, 1937). Valdizan and Maldonado, Peruvian
physicians, published a detailed work, La Medi-
cina Popular Peruana, in 1922. The authors, in
the nationalism of their era, sought to document
the indigenous (Inca) roots of medical science in
Peru; they were drawn to curanderos (Sp., 'heal-
ers') whom they saw as medical specialists like
themselves. Medicina Popular includes an inven-
tory of hundreds of Peruvian plants, identified to
species and in some cases illustrated, and their
uses.

Macbride began publishing the encyclopedic
Flora of Peru in 1 936, and by that time the prolific
scholar Herrera had also begun his extensive doc-
umentation of the botany and ethnobotany of Peru,
Sinopsis de la Flora de Cusco (1941), and numer-
ous articles in the Revista del Museo National
(1933a,b, 1938, 1939, 1940a,b, 1942). Yacovleff
and Herrera's work (1934-1935) on plant repre-
sentation in ancient Peruvian art remains the stan-
dard.

Lira (1946), a Spanish priest working in Cusco,
documented the uses of plants as medicines and
as ritual paraphernalia: however, Lira did not
identify plants by scientific name, severely limiting
the usefulness of the work. Soukup (1970), also a
priest, compiled a vocabulary of the local and sci-
entific names of Peruvian plants from specimens

in Peruvian herbaria as well as from colonial and
modern references, especially the Flora of Peru
(Macbride, 1 936 et seq.) Soukup's book is a source
of a great deal of comparative information, with
emphasis on highland and coastal plants. The data
was rather uncritically assembled, however, and
the book is cumbersome to use and limited by lack
of information on the areas of Peru in which species
occur.

More recently, a careful but unpublished study
by Fisher (1976) was based on work in a pseu-
donymous highland village in the Department of
Cusco. She identified more than 100 locally im-
portant plant species and gave the plants' local
and scientific names, along with use information
she collected from oral and written sources and
pharmacopoeias. Brunei's dissertation (197 5), also
unpublished, analyzed the variation in plant clas-
sification in Chacan, a former hacienda bordering
Chinchero. The work of the late Louis Girault on
the healing inventory of the Kallawaya, a group
of ritual and herbal healing specialists in Bolivia,
is extremely well documented, but directed spe-
cifically at the Kallawaya pharmacopoeia (Girault,
1 984). For Bolivia an extensive study by Cardenas
(1969) and a more superficial survey by Bastien
(1982) document current plant use and herbal
medicine; treatment of particular plants is well
represented by the work of Carter ( 1 978, 1 980) on
coca.

A number of authors have described the com-
plexity of Andean agricultural systems, notably
Leon (1964), Mayer (1974), Gade (1975), Brush
(1977), Brush et al. (1981), Bristol (1968), and
Orlove and Godoy (1986). Ongoing large-scale ef-
forts will add a great deal to this knowledge, no-
tably those in Cuyo Cuyo (Puno) led by Bruce
Winterhalder and in the Department of Cusco
continuing the work of the late Cesar Fonseca.
Johns and Towers (1981) and Johns and Keen
(1986) explored the frontier between wild and cul-
tivated plants.

Chinchero: The Setting,
an Andean Town

Many people know Chinchero (fig. 1) as a small
town near the city of Cusco in southern Peru with
extensive Inca ruins and a colorful Sunday market
(fig. 2). Each year, thousands of tourists visit
Chinchero; most stay less than two hours. They
do not realize that Chinchero is a political district

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Explanation of photo credits: cere Chinchero Center for Traditional Culture, a photographic archive maintained
by C. and E. Franquemont; S.K. Steven King; W.D. Wade Davis; C.S. Calvin Sperling.

FIG. 1 . The town of Chinchero, built on Inca ruins (photo cere).

comprising 135 sq km of hills and plain, ranging
between 3100 and 5000 m in altitude, and a cul-
ture area with some 18,000 residents. Since an-
thropologist Oscar Nunez del Prado first worked
there (Nunez del Prado, 1 949), a large number of
cultural anthropologists and archaeologists have
done research in Chinchero for varying lengths of
time, much of which is, unfortunately, unpub-
lished. Contreras's (1985) recent ethnography and
Alcina Franch's (1976) report on the archaeology
are the most substantial results yet published from
this work.

Chinchero is located in the province of Uru-
bamba, approximately 1 5 km northwest of the city
of Cusco, and shares a border with the province
of Cusco. The town center is 25 km from Cusco
by paved road, and approximately 10 km from
the town of Urubamba. Because Chinchero is at
high altitude (38 10 m at the town plaza) in a trop-
ical latitude (1317'S), it has a climate of extreme
contrasts between wet and dry seasons of the year
and between hot days and cold nights. From May
through September, dry, cold, and often windy

weather brings night temperatures at times below
freezing, and intensely sunny days which may be
as warm as 85F. In striking contrast, during the
wet season (October-April), frequent thunder-
storms and rainy spells lasting as long as a week
turn the land green and muddy, with temperatures
more even, fluctuating between 45F. and 60F.
An average yearly rain of approximately 840 mm
falls almost entirely within these months. Mea-
surements made in Chinchero between 1955 and
1961 (Freeman, 1963, quoted in Contreras, 1985)
correspond to Tosi's classification of the area as
very humid forest, having approximately 1 ,000 mm
of rain per year (Tosi, 1960).

Chinchero remains fundamentally an agricul-
tural community. The agricultural year has four
stages: the sowing season before the onset of the
heaviest rains (September-November), the rainy
growing season (December-March), the season of
plowing the fields to be planted the following year
(April) (fig. 3), and the harvest season (May-June).
Three seasons are locally designated: dry (Qu.,
chaki), May to the beginning of August; wind time

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

FIG. 2. Every Sunday Chinchero is the site of a barter and commercial market (photo W.D.).

(Qu.-Sp., wayratiempo), from August to Novem-
ber; and flowering time (Qu.-Sp., tikayt tempo),
from December through April (Contreras, 1985).
During the dry, windy months of June, July, and
August, agricultural activities are limited to house-
hold-based work, including freeze-drying potatoes
(Qu., chunu) and other tubers, making and re-
pairing tools, and any left-over sod-turning (Qu.,
yapur, Sp., barbichd).

The physiography of Chinchero is of two types
(map, fig. 4). The western area, a high rolling plain
(Qu.. pampd) at 3800 m. once formed the bed of
a Pleistocene lake; to the east the lake bed is
bounded by low limestone hills, rising into a series
of steep granitic ridges that reach an elevation of
4600 m. Water remains in the lowest parts of the
plain in the form of bogs, seasonal ponds, and two
large lakes, while in the hills to the east, trapped
water emerges from several reliable springs. The
largest of these springs. Qorqor, is the current source
of water for the city of Cusco. A large lake (Qu.,
quchd) called Piuray drains to the southeast toward
Cusco; another called Huaypo drains to the Uru-

bamba River. (Although this river is properly called
the Vilcanota, to avoid confusion, we refer to it
as do Chinchero residents as the Urubamba, the
name it takes at a lower altitude.) The Incas and
later the Spanish took advantage of this water re-
source to build a series of canals (and later aq-
ueducts) which carried those waters to Cusco
(Sherbondy, 1982).

A deep water cut (Qu., wayq'u; Sp., quebradd)
separating the western plain and eastern ridges of
the Chinchero area drains the plain into the valley
of the Urubamba river some 800 m below (fig. 5).
The plain is intensively cultivated for Andean tu-
bers and European grains, while the ridges serve
for pasture or sparse tuber cultivation, and a few
small fields at the very lowest part of the quebrada,
approximately 3100 m. allow maize agriculture.
A large area of high-altitude land above approx-
imately 4000 m (Qu., puna), which cannot be used
for cultivation, supports herding.

While the plain (Qu., pampd) is relatively uni-
form in character throughout Chinchero, the water
cut harbors a special environment called qhishwa

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

FIG. 3.

CCTC).

Two teams of three men plow with chakitaqlla (Andean footplow) in field above Lake Piuray (photo

(Qu.)- Between the approximate altitudes of 3100
and 3600 m, trapped moisture and heat allow the
growth of a dense flora including plants larger in
size than higher-altitude members of the same
species. The hillsides above (Qu., urqu), especially
on the eastern side where they are moister and
better protected from wind, support the few re-
maining indigenous trees in the area (Polylepis,
Buddleja, and others). Most of the wide range of
wild plants known and used by Chinchero people
grow on these slopes in the qhishwa and above.

We do not know when people first moved into
the plain that is now Chinchero; the earliest pub-
lished archaeological remains date from the Killke
period immediately prior to the Incas. By Inca
times Chinchero was a well-established focus of
human activity, as evidenced by extensive re-
mains of architecture and landscape modification
(Alcina Franch, 1976). Large-scale terracing and
walls of dressed limestone built in the tightly fitted
polygonal style attributed to the Inca Period (ca.
A.D. 1438-1532) provide the evidence of a large
site with apparently administrative and ritual
functions (Rowe, 1946; Niles, 1987). Chinchero

was the location of Topa Inca Yupanqui's royal
estate (Niles, 1987; Alcina Franch, 1976).

The two major ayllus of Chinchero, Cuper and
Ayllupunqu (ayllu 'door' or 'gateway'), existed in
Inca times, and people occasionally still refer to
Cuper as hanan ayllu (Qu., 'upper community')
and to Ayllupunqu and Yanacona together as hu-
rin ayllu (Qu.. 'lower community'). In this de-
scription we use the word ayllu interchangeably
with community (Sp., comunidad) to refer specif-
ically to these recognized land-holding groups. Al-
though in some cases this use is historically in-
accurate, because the definition of ayllu is complex
and has varied considerably, we continue to use
the word to imply the unity and strength, stem-
ming from a common cultural identity, of these
groups of people. When the Spanish arrived (ca.
1533), each of these ayllus occupied a distinct
hamlet between which lay the large area of Inca
structures and terraces just mentioned.

Manco Inca burned the structures in Chinchero
on his retreat from Cusco in about 1 540, shortly
after the Spanish Conquest (Alcina Franch, 1976,
p. 147). By 1608 the Spanish had converted the

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

CALCA

CUSCO

CHINCHEKO

3810 ftYLLU rUNSU

POROY

URUBAMBA

MARAS

ANTA

NORTH

LEGEND

" PAMPA Y7A WATER

^^ PAY ED ROAD

STEEP HILLSIDES
(PUNA AT HIGHEST LEVELS)
DISTRICT ^^Hi DISTRICT LIMITS

MYLLU

4 PLAZA OF CHINCH ERO 38 10 ALTITUDE

FIG. 4. Map of Chinchero, showing location of zones and communities.

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

FIG. 5. A river cut divides the western plains and the eastern hills of Chinchero. Waqkhata, on the near side,
is a sector especially suited to growing grains; beyond are the lower slopes of Antakillqa hillside, used primarily for
pasture and gathering (photo W.D.).

largest Inca building into a Catholic church. As
required by the Spanish policy of reduction (Sp.,
reduction), the surrounding ayllus relocated to form
the town that today surrounds the church. At that
time several haciendas controlled large areas and
numbers of people in Chinchero (Toledo, 1974;
Alcina Franch, 1 976). Just as the local Church was
founded on ruins of Inca design, the modern com-
munities represent the remains of Inca social
structure, the ayllu.

Today the approximately 18,000 residents of
Chinchero comprise a cultural group that both res-
idents and outsiders identify by ethnic markers
that include dress. They live in a total of 1 3 self-
governing, land-owning communities that retain
individual identities extending to agricultural
practices and plant systematics. Chinchero was le-
gally recognized in 1905 as an independent polit-
ical district of the Federal Republic of Peru (Mon-
talvo, 1 965). The district of Chinchero should not,
however, be thought of as a purely externally im-
posed political unit, because it follows existing cul-

tural boundaries recognized by both residents and
outsiders.

Three lines of power and bureaucracy tie
Chinchero to the national government: a governor
(Sp., gobernador) named by provincial or depart-
mental authorities, a mayor (Sp., alcalde) and
council (Sp., conccjo) now elected by town resi-
dents, and a judge (Sp., juez de paz) empowered
to decide some local disputes between individuals
(Contreras, 1985). These offices, which (with the
exception of the judge) conduct their affairs in
Spanish, were rotated until the 1 960s among a few
mestizo (Sp., 'non-Indian native') residents.

Chinchero center has been declared a legal Ur-
ban Zone (Sp., Zona Urbana). As of 1986 some
300 households cluster around the church and along
the paved highway where the three primary ayllus
of Cuper, Ayllupunqu, and Yanacona meet.
Another 1 5,000 people live dispersed or in smaller
hamlets on the hills of Chinchero. Residences are
gradually concentrating around the town center
which is the site of the church, primary and sec-

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

FIG. 6. A minkha labor group, assembled for the day, rests after harvesting potatoes (photo cere).

ondary schools, a plaza with a large Sunday market
of barter for produce and sale to tourists, and Inca
ruins. Houses are also agglomerating along the
paved road which links Chinchero in a tourist cir-
cuit with Urubamba, Ollantaytambo, and Pisaq.
The major demographic trend in Chinchero, how-
ever, is out-migration to Quillabamba, Cusco, and
Lima, while national culture in the form of lan-
guage, dress, music, and money flows steadily into
Chinchero.

Belying Chinchero's proximity to the city of
Cusco, its inhabitants have a justified reputation
for stubborn conservatism in thought, traditions,
and institutions. Curiously, the residents of
Chinchero also enjoyed this reputation of con-
trariness in early Colonial times (Sarmiento, 1907
[1572]) and in fact may have been a non-Inca
ethnic group at that time, the Ayarmaca (Rostwo-
rowski, 1970). During Tupaq Amaru's rebellion
in the 1 8th century, the people of Chinchero allied
themselves with the Spanish under the leadership
of a cacique (Spanish-recognized native leader),
Mateo Pumacahua (Valcarcel Esparza, 1977). As
recently as 10 years ago, their way of life still cen-
tered upon tuber agriculture, animal husbandry.

and textile production; the number of Chinchero
people conversant in Spanish was small. Dress and
weaving style are the most visible defining char-
acters of the area. Many women still wear the
multiple braids and handmade clothes that distin-
guish them from women of other Quechua-speak-
ing communities. In the past 40 years, men have
abandoned completely the traditional style of vil-
lage-specific dress in favor of identity as part of
an area-wide class of rural workers, and many
women are also doing so. Cultural traits specific
to Chinchero (or other Quechua communities),
however, are by no means limited to clothing style.
They extend into nuances of language use, tech-
nology, ritual life, and folklore, making the Cusco
area a mosaic of local cultures united through
shared economies, language, beliefs, and history.
Residents of Chinchero define their fundamen-
tal identity as members of one of the self-govern-
ing land-owning communities of Chinchero: Cu-
per, Yanacona, Ayllupunqu and others (see map,
fig. 4). These communities survive from pre-Co-
lumbian social groups (Qu., ayllus) and in some
cases from colonial annexes (Sp., anejos), outposts
(Sp., estancias), and ranches (Sp., haciendas). The

8

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

FIG. 7. Potato fields are hoed twice during the growing season. Members of an ayni group work together in a
lifelong relationship of labor exchange (photo C.S.).

government of Peru now officially recognizes the
ayllus as independent entities; Umasbamba was
the first to be recognized as an independent in-
digenous community in 1927 (Contreras, 1985).
Each community has a distinct geographical def-
inition, although all lands are not always contig-
uous. A high level of envy (Sp., envidid) among
and between ayllus can be observed in the hu-
morous nicknames they invent for each other:
Yanacona is Yana Qhuna ('black snot'), Cuper is
Waqcha Cuper ('impoverished' or 'orphaned Cu-
per'), and Ayllupunqu is Kullu Papa Suqsuq (be-
cause their potatoes are so small they have to be
swallowed whole).

Ayllu members (Qu., ayllu masi, now more
commonly called by the Spanish equivalent, co-
muneros) have rights to work the usufruct they
own on lands within the ayllu, and also obliga-
tions. They must attend their a yllu 's meetings (Sp.,
asambled) and participate in a labor tax (Sp.,faena)
with which the ayllu maintains trails, roads, public
buildings or a community business venture. Com-
munity members may work usufruct they own

within the boundaries of another ayllu if granted
permission by that ayllu's meeting, in exchange
for contributing money or collaborating with the
labor tax. They may also participate in that ayllu's
meetings, but do not have voting rights, which are
reserved for residents.

Men have basic responsibility for agricultural
organization and labor, although women help in
the fields as needed and throughout the harvest
season. Women also support agricultural activity
through a parallel organization of intensive mutual
hospitality. People seldom work alone, but rather
form into groups based on any of several labor-
sharing institutions. Ayni, the most common form
of agricultural labor, is built of reciprocal labor
exchange in which each worker is repaid by the
owner of a field with a comparable day of labor.
Minkha workers are compensated in some way by
the end of the work day and do not receive ex-
changed labor from the owner (fig. 6). Faena is a
labor tax which group members vote upon them-
selves for the common good. Minkha groups gen-
erally involve four or five workers, aym 'commonly

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

assembles 10 or 12, while faena may mobilize
hundreds of people in common enterprise. Ayni
labor is a regular part of daily life during the plow-
ing season (April), the harvest season (May-June),
and the sowing season (September-November)
(figs. 7-8).

As in most Andean communities, people are
changing. Through the growth of the tourist in-
dustry and increasing control over the profits from
their produce and labor, they have been brought
into the cash economy, even as farming becomes
an increasingly unproductive activity. Traditional
strategies, whereby planting was governed within
each ayllu by sophisticated systems of crop rota-
tion (Qu., muyuy) through sectoral fallowing (Qu.,
manay 'sector'), are now breaking down under in-
creased demand for cash crops. Low prices for
agricultural products have also hurt farming and,
in combination with the lure of work in the city,
have discouraged many workers. Two other recent
events have caused severe depletion of the agri-
cultural economic base in Chinchero: (1) the com-
pletion in 1983 of a paved road passing from Cus-
co through Chinchero to Urubamba, and (2) the
appearance of parasitic liver flukes (Fasciola he-
patica) among sheep and camelid herds.

On the new paved road, the city of Cusco is only
a half hour's drive away. With virtually all chil-
dren now attending school, most people in the
central communities are now bilingual Spanish and
Quechua speakers. In this process of change, many
of the institutions and systems that have evolved
gradually since pre-Columbian times are now dis-
appearing. Like the condor and other large birds
which are no longer seen in the skies over Chinch-
ero, the last ritual specialist (Qu., altumisayuq) is
dead. Some traditional rituals persist only as sub-
jects of reminiscence. As communities like
Chinchero rise together to join an emerging pan-
Andean culture that is beginning to make a place
for itself in the international world, the distinct
parts of the Andean mosaic are losing definition.

Local Geography

For the people of Chinchero, plants mark and
are marked by an ecology they know and use in-
timately. The local view of environmental zones
is determined by altitude and understood through
plant and animal inhabitants and agricultural po-
tential. They know the plant world in relation to
the zones and feature of their local geography.

Chinchero sits at the intersection of four car-
dinal directions (see map, fig. 9).

North
Q'IPANCHIS

'that which follows us'

West

INTI

HAYKUPUNA
(HAYKUPUSAN)

'sun going away'

East

INTI
LLUQSIMUNA

'sun coming
out this way'

South
NAWPANCHIS

'our past'

Within the boundaries of Chinchero, the paths
that people travel take them throughout the range
of plant habitats, from corn fields at 3100 m to
windy mountaintops at 4600 m. Quechua people
define several broad ecological zones that are re-
membered in identifying plant categories: puna,
pampa, and qhishwa. Puna, the high area above
the tree line, occurs only in the communities of
Cuper and Taucca in lands above 4000 m. A di-
versity of high-altitude grasses collectively re-
ferred to as ichu characterize the lower part of this
zone, including Brachypodium mexicanum, Cal-
amagrostis glacialis, Festuca dolichophylla, Fes-
tucasublimis, Nasellaaff. linearifolia, Nasellapub-
iflora, and Stipa ichu. Camelids prefer these grass
species as forage, but few camelids remain today
on the slopes of Chinchero. Weberbauer (1945, p.
366) sets the lower limits of the puna in central
and southern Peru as 38004000 m, giving as a
general definition "that elevated region where ag-
riculture becomes impossible." Cusco area farmers
do cultivate tubers within the puna zone by plant-
ing specialized cultivars, ch 'iri papas, and by using
a specialized technology called ch 'uqi, the practice
of planting and cultivating tubers within holes dug
in unplowed sod.

The highest lands are blanketed by "cushion
plants" such as Aciachne acicularis and small clus-
tered groups of low-growing, high-altitude forms
of brightly flowered genera such as Nototriche, Vi-
ola, and Werneria. The ground here bounces un-
derneath your feet as you walk. At high altitudes,
many unrelated kinds of plants grow in this "cush-
ion" growth form, which functions as protection
from winds and frosts. Flowers with particularly
large and intensely colored corollas characterize
alpine floras. Although Weberbauer (1945, p. 387)
found these flowers infrequent in the high Andes,
several Chinchero residents pointed out to us the
large and unusually colored flowers of such genera

10

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

FIG. 8. An ayni group works together to construct a new house (photo cere).

as Nototriche and Gentianella as characteristic of
the puna. Weberbauer also noted these species,
but considered them atypical.

A single but immense expanse of pampa, flat
and open land, occupies most of the area of the
ayllu Yanacona and extends to the flat areas of
fields surrounding Lakes Huaypo and Piuray (fig.
10). The pampa in Chinchero, at a constant alti-
tude between 3750 and 3800 m, can be cultivated
with modern technology, the lands plowed with
oxen or even tractors, and the harvests collected
by trucks with access to a paved road to Cusco.
Pampa lands are cultivated entirely, so that their
original vegetation is gone. They are now char-
acterized by European agricultural weeds and the
encouraged edible plant Brassica campestris,
grasses (e.g., Festuca sublimis), and rushes (Juncus
spp.). Water lying above or just below the ground
of the old lake bed is extremely alkaline. People
do not consider the pampa to be as fertile as the
hillside lands of Cuper, and the pressures of cash
cropping have caused the rotation system dictating
four or more years of fallow to break down. Many
farmers on the pampa now plant every year, count-

ing on artificial fertilizers to make up for the lack
of fallow, but acknowledging that it does not.

A small qhishwa, or warm zone, lies between
3100 and 3600 m in the canyon to the east of
town, below the spots where the waters spring out
of the hillside at Puqpuq and Chaqchaq'illay. These
waters irrigate Chinchero's few maize fields and
then flow another kilometer into the Urubamba
River. Although this is the only area of Chinchero
where maize can be grown, that fact alone does
not define the zone, since most of the qhishwa
territory is too steep for cultivation of any kind.
These isolated fields within the lands of the town
of Urquillos were recently won in a lawsuit by the
community of Cuper and are cultivated by differ-
ent elected members of the community of Cuper
each year. The large-kerneled white maize grown
best in the Urubamba Valley is an extremely valu-
able export crop (Grobman et al., 1 96 1 ). Residents
of Chinchero without access to these fields reserve
a portion of their potato harvest to make ch 'unu
specifically to trade for maize grown in the Uru-
bamba Valley.

The two-hour walk from Chinchero center to

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

11

North

1

Inca ruins

URUBRMBR

URQUILLOS

CHLCR

MHRRS

RNTR

Nawpanchis
Inti lluqsimuna M Inti haykupuna

Q'ipanchis

FIG. 9. Schematic map of Chinchero.

CUSCO

CRCHIMRVO

POROV

Urquillos, on the Urubamba River, goes through
this qhishwa zone. Before the completion of a paved
road to the town of Urubamba in 1983 made pos-
sible rapid access by vehicle, Urquillos was the
closest point in the Urubamba Valley. A long his-
tory of close connection exists between the two
communities; a 1 6th-century document noted that
Urquillos included an "ayllu Chinchero" of 50
Indians (VillanuevaU., 1982, p. 1 7). Hundreds of
Chincherinos attend the annual fiesta of Urquillos
on March 8, especially important for the healing
mud baths which take place in the church. Ur-
quillos residents in turn bring produce by mule to
trade or sell in the Chinchero Sunday market: con-
diments, flowers, lettuce, hot peppers, and what
they are most appreciated for, huge baskets of ca-
puli (Prunus serotina ssp. capuli), packed in the
large leaves of q'armatu (Nicotiana tomentosd).

Leaving the plaza of Chinchero, people walk to
the bottom of the Inca ruins along a narrow path
(formerly an Inca trail), through the area called
Simayuq (formerly the location of dense sitna
grass), past the rock outcrop Chinkana ('maze')
and the stone in the brook called Qhillu ma-
chaqwayniyuq ('with a yellow snake'), to Wayraq

Punku ('Wind's Door'). There, as at many spots
on Andean paths, one has the definite sensation
of going around a corner. At such spots the Incas
often built an actual doorway, like those outposts
at Ollantaytambo and Machu Picchu. As the to-
ponym suggests, the door is opened to the winds
from the valley, which are warmer and more gentle
and make a less harsh sound than the winds that
blow across the plain.

Past Wayraq Punku the path drops off sharply,
crossing the stream to turn another corner at Qinti
Capilla ('Hummingbird Chapel'), where Chinch-
erinos pause to rest, chew coca, or make a small
offering. From this spot the Urubamba Valley can
be surveyed. Hummingbirds and raucous groups
of small green parakeets (Sp., lows) fly; the plant
growth becomes lusher and more fragrant. Niwa
(Cortaderia sp.) grows well above head-height, and
startlingly beautiful passion-flowers (Passiflora
pinnatistipula, 'grenadillas') and other vines tangle
with shrubs. This is the qhishwa.

Much of Chinchero is not puna, pampa, qhish-
wa, or qucha ('lake'). Large areas of sloped hillside,
khata and steeper urqu, serve for potato cultiva-
tion and subsequent rotations of tubers, legumes,

12

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

FIG. 10. Mountain is reflected in a pond on the pampa of Yanacona (photo cere).

and grains and for herding. Like Puqpuq and
Chaqchaq'illay, the water sources already men-
tioned, many features in this landscape are im-
portant landmarks. A number of kinds of features
also designate kinds of plants, as do the zones
puna, pampa, and qhishwa. Among these are seep-
age (Qu., ch'aran), running water (Qu., mayu), hill
(Qu., urqu), fallow (Qu., purun), rock (Qu., qaqd),
lake or standing water (Qu., qucha), and the more
general earth (Qu., pacha).

Because the locations in which plants grow are
crucial keys to their identification, so landmarks
also mark plant organisms in both name and con-
ceptual identity. Quechua people know what plants
"should" grow in a given place, what plants to
expect to be there, because of their repeated fa-
miliarity with all of the places in their world. They
relate plants not just to a kind of environment,
but to a specific place (e.g., Titiqaqa Wayq'u, In-
kaq Mallkin Pampa), based on their personal cog-
nitive map of their own ayllu. (Because ayllus are
land-based groups, the word refers both to the
lands and to the social group associated with those
lands.) When we talked with someone about any
particular plant, referred to by name or as a dried

specimen, that person very often told us where it
grew, e.g., above Puqpuq waterfall, or at Titiqaqa.
She said, "I know where you got that," and was
right.

Judgments of ay//w-specific geography affect
plant knowledge. Frequently, a person from Cuper
did not recognize a plant from Taucca, or a Cuper
resident looking at a specimen of the plant tiqllay
warmi (Senecio erosus) from the puna above Tauc-
ca commented that it grew on Antakillqa, a com-
parable environment within her own ayllu. People
from Yanacona, which has no puna, often did not
recognize puna plants at all, unless they had very
large herds and pastured them in the common
grazing lands on Antakillqa. (Ordinarily, people
pasture animals in the fallow fields [Qu., purun]
of their own community.)

Plant names are common in Chinchero topon-
yms, where the plants mark places in the land-
scape. Residents said that the plants named grew
in those spots, statements we were able to confirm
in some cases. People told us that Q'erapata, the
name of a small annex to the north of Chinchero
center, referred to a past environment. Formerly
during fallow years, the hillsides were white with

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

13

the pale flowers of the weedy plant q'ira (Astrag-
alus garbancilld). Now that a number of residences
have been built, and fields of grains planted year
after year as cash crops have replaced the centu-
ries-old tradition of crop rotation by sectoral fal-
lowing (Qu., manayes), the Q'ira meadow no long-
er blooms.

Methods

Our work in Chinchero in 1982 established a
basic methodology for ethnobotanical fieldwork,
which we continue to use. We followed the well-
established botanical methodology for collecting
herbarium specimens as outlined, among others,
by the United States Department of Agriculture
(1971), augmented by systematic collection of the
related ethnographic information necessary to
make that collection meaningful to us.

The original research team that collected the
flora included both botanists with experience in
plant collection techniques (W.D., S.K., C.S.) and
anthropologists with a background of participant
observation and informal interviews (C.F., E.F.).
In general, while botanists and anthropologists ini-
tially had limited experience in fieldwork in the
other disciplines, all had a demonstrated com-
mitment to interdisciplinary study (King, 1982;
Davis & Yost, 1 983). The entire Chinchero project
team together planned a group strategy for accom-
plishing a goal toward which all members of the
group would then work. As the study progressed,
the field team diminished in size, but still sought
to fulfill the various original aims of the work.

We collected plants within the boundaries of the
community of Chinchero (lat. 1323-25'S, long.
P 20-5'W). Botanists organized a laboratory, and
19 able and energetic volunteers recruited by
Earthwatch, Inc., assisted us in the various tasks
of gathering, processing, and organizing the plant
collection.

We were able to collect most plants during the
height of the rainy season (January-March). The
majority of plants in the survey came from the
community of Cuper. which is the most environ-
mentally diverse community of Chinchero, with
lands ranging in altitude from 3100 to 4600 m,
and also the community of which two of us (C.F.,
E.F.) are members.

Our collection procedure was designed to allow
coordination of the activities of our diverse team
and standardization of the data gathered by all
members. We collected specimens with one to five

duplicates of each numbered "kind" of plant in
separate plastic bags. In nearly all cases, these
"kinds" were, in fact, plant species. In addition
we made a photographic record of most plants.
Temporary numbers given at the time of collection
made possible the coordination of separate notes
by anthropologists, botanists, and photographers;
we assigned permanent numbers to plants in the
laboratory before pressing. Botanists kept da'ily
notebooks, using temporary numbers to refer to
plant specimens, recording date, personnel, place,
specimen number, family and genus if known,
habitat, and description of characters of the plant
likely not to be present in the herbarium specimen,
such as size, color, and smell. We pressed plants
in numbered folded sheets of newspaper, stacked
alternately with sheets of felted blotting paper and
cardboard corrugates, and tightly strapped be-
tween wooden press-ends. We laid presses on a
wooden box containing an electric heating source
to dry for a day or more, as needed. We stored
dried specimens in cardboard boxes for use in in-
terviews and ultimate distribution to herbaria in
Peru and the United States. In accordance with
requirements of the Ministry of Agriculture of Peru,
we left duplicate collections of specimens with the
Museo de Historia Natural "Javier Prado" (Uni-
versidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos) in Lima
and with the herbarium of the Universidad Na-
cional San Antonio Abad del Cusco. All other
specimens were shipped to Field Museum of Nat-
ural History in Chicago for identification and fur-
ther distribution under the direction of two of us
(T.P., C.N.).

Porter (1959, p. 42) comments that "the ulti-
mate goal of collecting in the field and preserving
in the herbarium is very simple: ... to preserve for
all time a series of specimens and notes that will
yield the maximum of information about the plants
concerned." The accomplishment of this goal,
however, is in no way simple. Which are the plants
"concerned"? What are the various kinds of in-
formation, and from which sources are they to be
taken? How extensive should notes be? For whom
are we preserving the data?

Even the researcher with a clearly defined meth-
odology for collecting plants and preserving them
still faces questions on stepping outside the lab-
oratory, beginning with: Who will go along? In this
study, each daily collection group included an an-
thropologist, a botanist, a local plant user, and one
or more Earthwatch volunteers who assisted in
collecting duplicate specimens, photographing
plants, and taking notes. Several Chinchero resi-

14

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

FIG. 1 1 . Puqpuq waterfall is never visited by people who avoid sirena (Sp.), the malignant female spirit present
there (photo S.K.).

dents worked as paid assistants to the project, and
many others volunteered their help (see Acknowl-
edgments). Both anthropologists (C.F., E.F.) spoke
English, Spanish, and Quechua; botanists (W.D.,
S.K., C.S.) spoke English and Spanish; local people
spoke Quechua and sometimes Spanish.

In Chinchero, the mandate to conduct a broad
survey of the flora of an autodefined culture area

corresponding to a political province did not ob-
viate the necessity of a daily decision: Which di-
rection should be taken? We selected a direction
and destination for each collection team toward
the goal of surveying the widest possible range of
environmental zones, human communities (ayl-
lus), and human activities. We targeted, for ex-
ample, places such as a "herding area at the sum-

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

15

FIG. 1 2. Mother and daughter peel potatoes in house courtyard. Note dooryard plantings of useful herbs, chi-
wanway, Stenomesson spp. (ornamental), ruda, Ruta graveolens (ritual/medicinal), and llanten (Plantago major) (used
for tea) (photo C.S.).

mil of the highest mountain," "potato fields
surrounding a large lake," "waterfall avoided by
humans" (fig. 1 1 ), or "weedy dooryards."

Frequently, we took time to evaluate our pro-
gress toward this goal along the paths of plant
collection. We recognized that botanists and an-
thropologists alike often tend to search for and
value the exotic. For instance, in our enthusiasm
we first explored the most difficult environments
of Chinchero; for example, the top of the highest
hill and an isolated waterfall, with the result that,

later in the study, we had to allot several days to
collecting weeds from paths and dooryards in the
center of town. These common and weedy plants
were important in documenting the place of plants
in Quechua life. Two ready examples are markhu
(Ambrosia arborescens) and muthuy (Senna ver-
sicolor), both of which have a variety of uses (fig.
12). Some of the extremely common plants from
Chinchero were difficult for botanists to identify,
that is, kiku (Bidens andicola), llawlli (Barnadesia
spp.), and lumu lumu (Hypseocharis bilobata),

16

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

which was said by botanists to be limited in geo-
graphic distribution to the Department of Cusco.

Our goal on each excursion was to collect every
kind of plant not previously collected. Botanists
generally made the judgment of what constituted
a "kind" of plant, thinking of "kinds" as species.
We collected and noted unnamed or "useless"
plants as well as those said to be useful. We in-
cluded sterile specimens of ethnographic interest,
even though they might be difficult for botanists
to identify. Maransiras, for example, is an edible
wild plant which is said never to flower. The sterile
specimens of plants in this Chinchero category
may represent one or even two new species, al-
though identification awaits the collection of flow-
ers.

We collected again any plant which informants
called to our attention as particularly useful or
interesting, as well as plants given names we had
not heard before. These repeated collections helped
us link previously recorded information with the
plant species ultimately determined. Quechua plant
names show a high degree of variability, which
takes several forms. First, people give the same
name to different plants; for example, people call
both Hypoxis decumbens, an amaryllid, and An-
thericum eccremorrhizum, a lily, kuchi kuchi (Qu.,
'pig pig'). Second, different people give different
names to the same plant; for example, on en-
countering the shrub Nicotiana tomentosa, one
person called it q'armatu while another called it
paya paya qhura. Third, names change according
to context; for example, adults call Fuchsia apetala
by the name chhilin campanula (Qu., chhilin is an
onomatopoeia for the sound of a bell; Sp., cam-
panilla 'little bell'), while shepherd children may
call \\frutillafrutilla (Qu. from Sp., 'strawberry
strawberry'). Because of such variation, we had to
regard information acquired without reference to
a plant specimen as indefinite hearsay.

We tied our information to the potential sources
of varying knowledge by collecting repeated
voucher specimens and by noting the location and
context of encounter and the identity of the in-
formant. In practice we were occasionally willing
to bend this rule because of the extraordinary
memories of Quechua people for their natural en-
vironment. Frequently, when we brought home a
plant, a passerby would correctly tell us the exact
spot where we had collected it. Three years later
field assistants remembered the plants we had col-
lected, their locations, and even the weather and
events of that day. For instance, if a person told
us without prompting that we must be referring

to a plant that we had collected underneath an
eagle-shaped rock just above the waterfall, and she
was right, we were willing to treat her information
as if we were looking at the plant together.

We segregated some fresh plant specimens for
use in ethnographic interviews in the laboratory,
so that each plant might be examined by a variety
of local people including men and women, young
and old. Although we also conducted interviews
using dried specimens, people sometimes felt less
comfortable identifying dried plants. Quechua
people can identify a growing plant more readily
than a dried specimen, which may have lost im-
portant clues of smell, color, or form, even though
people are used to seeing dried plants that have
been bought or collected and are kept for use as
medicines or cures (Qu., hampi).

Ethnographers kept daily notebooks, using the
same temporary numbers as botanists to refer to
plant specimens. These field notebooks contained
a record of date, personnel, place, and local names
and uses. We took extensive notes on conversa-
tions with people about these plants, noting the
identity of informants and a range of comments,
which often included name, preferred habitat,
variations, and utility. We also recorded negative
responses. As noted above, local people partici-
pated in every plant-collecting excursion. In ad-
dition, we talked about the plants we found with
people we encountered, then asked other com-
munity members to spend time in further inter-
views in the laboratory. We tried informally to get
a cross section of points of view by sex, age, and
residence. We formed an admitted bias for con-
sultants who were culturally conservative, based
on our experience that people who were more fully
bilingual and acculturated to Cusco life simply did
not know very much about plants, had limited
interest in them, and were frequently unable to
comment.

Ethnographers recorded localities in the form of
specific toponyms. While these local place names
do not appear on maps, anyone who goes to that
area and asks for a place by name can be led di-
rectly to it, since Quechua people name every fea-
ture of their topography: fields, hills, passes, springs,
and places with a view. We included longitude and
latitude on plant labels for precision.

In a sense, each discipline (field botany and eth-
nography) taught a lesson in systematic collection
and recording of data. Specific skills included col-
lecting whole plants and identifying individual
speakers, paying attention to plant habitats and to
social contexts, and a great deal of useful descrip-

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

17

live and functional terminology. While ethnog-
raphy has no apparent standardized methodology,
and no comforting details of size of paper and
nature of equipment, our work is not unsyste-
matic. We learned and practiced the delicate art
of asking questions naive enough to avoid prompt-
ing answers, without betraying such ignorance as
to encourage ridicule and hidden obscenity. All
participants in our study learned that a plant could
have many uses and even names, so that no in-
dividual was to be believed or disbelieved.

This study refers to some four years of fieldwork
in Chinchero over a 10-year period. Such depth
of ethnographic experience, and the pcfcver that
experience holds to enlighten every context of en-
counter with plants, changes the endeavor of eth-
nobotany. The experiences, actions, and state-
ments of known people provide the constant frame
for discussion. As ethnobotanists working in an
agricultural society, we had an advantage over
many other scientists because people were as in-
terested in plants as we were and were happy to
discuss the subject at length. We can better ap-
preciate the meaning of those words and actions
because our ethnographic information is linked to
plant specimens.

In any ethnographic study, the questions asked
and the responses given are interdependent. The
process of shaping questions is comparable to the
use of a pre-questionnaire and subsequent ques-
tionnaire by some social scientists. Because an-
thropologists are particularly aware of the extent
to which both sides influence one another, they
are able to continue realizing and refining the ques-
tions at issue in their particular study. An example
from our work in Chinchero illustrates this pro-
cess. When we first began discussing with people
the plants we found, we were particularly inter-
ested in eliciting their comments on the names
and uses of those plants. As we talked, we found
that people routinely volunteered the locations
where a particular plant grew, information which
at that time did not interest us. These strings of
toponyms were downright unwelcome: We could
not spell them, we did not know where they were,
we could not write fast enough to catch them all,
and they crowded more interesting information
out of our notebooks. However, since we had be-
gun this work with the ethnographic premise that
the entire range of people's comments about a
plant should be recorded, we struggled to write
them down. We soon realized, of course, that
Chinchero people were telling us that where plants
grow is a critical element in their understanding

of them. In fact, the association of plants with
places is the essential mnemonic tool which allows
Chinchero people to maintain a complex and in-
tricate body of environmental knowledge, and the
logic of those associations is a major classifying
device (C. Franquemont, 1987).

We recorded negative responses as well. Many
times, when we asked someone the name of a plant,
the answer was something we rendered as "name
unknown." The actual response might have been,
"I don't know," "I can't remember," or a shrug.
Rarely did people tell us, "That plant has no
name."; very rarely, "I've never seen that plant
before in my life."; and on one occasion, "That's
not a plant" (in reference to a powdery white li-
chen, Diploschistes sp.) We found that plants which
are not of interest to people provide negative evi-
dence of the concerns addressed by their system
of classification (Franquemont, 1987). Of course,
some instances may be evidence of the imperfec-
tion of any individual's memory, since no one can
recall on demand everything they ever knew.
Roughly one out of 1 2 responses fell into this "name
unknown" category. Disproportionate numbers of
these cases were cryptogams or aquatic plants, or
plants not collected within that individual's ayilu,
confirming a pattern of <ry//-specific knowledge
(C. Franquemont, 1987).

As summarized earlier, the Chinchero plant col-
lection contains 836 numbered plant specimens
with several thousand duplicates, representing 502
plant species in 3 1 1 plant genera in 1 1 2 plant fam-
ilies and some 250 Quechua categories. Although
this statement is accurate, it should not be taken
as a quantitative profile of the complex and idio-
syncratic realm of Chinchero plant life, but rather
as an indication of the scale of information ana-
lyzed. Together with the ethnographic notes as-
sembled at the time of collection and in a subse-
quent year of fieldwork, this large corpus of
information was transferred into a computerized
data base. The original file, containing information
taken directly from field notebooks, was used to
sort and create specialized files to which summary
categories could be added. We (T.P., C.N.) pre-
pared a book of machine copy reductions of Field
Museum's mounted set of the plant specimens,
which then served as a very useful guide to the
collection, particularly during subsequent field
trips.

The Chinchero ethnobotanical project differs
from previous studies in the extensive nature of
plant collection, the methods of plant collection
with extensive supporting ethnographic documen-

18

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

tation, and the reference to that collection at later
stages of analysis. The Chinchero collection differs
from most ethnobotanical collections because we
collected noneconomic, nonmedicinal, and un-
named plants as well as named useful ones; we
made repeated collections; we collected any eth-
nographic information people were willing to give
us rather than concentrating on a few specific ques-
tions. In addition, we not only attributed infor-
mation to specific informants, but subsequently
continued to consider the ethnobotany of Chinch-
ero as comprised of highly individual knowledge.
This broad approach led to the realization of the
importance of place names, reminiscence, and
nostalgia (Franquemont, 1987).

Cultivated Plants in Chinchero

The cultivated plant species collected in Chinch-
ero include unique Andean cultigens that exhibit
specialized adaptations to high-altitude environ-
ments. Only one of these cultigens, the potato, has
achieved worldwide importance. These nutritious
food crops, the result of artificial selection by An-
dean people, include the tubers Solanum tubero-
sum (Qu.,papa), Ullucus tuberosus (Sp., lisas), Ox-
alis tuberosa (Qu., oca), and Tropaeolum tuberosum
(Qu., anu); the pseudocereal Chenopodium quinoa
(Qu., quinua); the root crops Arracacia xanthor-
rhiza (Qu., rakhachd) and Canna x indica (Qu.,
achira; edible part a rhizome); and the legume
Lupinus mutabilis (Qu., tarwi). The nutritional
value of these cultigens is receiving new attention
(King & Gershoff, 1 987), although indigenous An-
dean people have enjoyed them as part of their
yearly diet for millennia.

Many of these crops contain secondary com-
pounds (Johns & Towers, 1981) and must be de-
toxified before they are eaten. Lupinus mutabilis
(Qu., tarwi) contains high levels of quinolizidine
alkaloids (King, 1988) which are removed in the
process of soaking, boiling, and further soaking
used in Chinchero. Tubers and leaves of Oxalis
tuberosa (Qu., oca) contain varying levels of cal-
cium oxalate. Tubers are processed by being left
in the sun for two or three days to a week, de-
pending on individual taste, as they are said to get
sweeter with each day of exposure. Tropaeolum
tuberosum contains glucosinilates that release vol-
atile mustard oils (isothiocyanates) when cooked
(Johns & Towers, 1981). Chinchero people treat
Tropaeolum tubers so that they will "taste good."
Tubers must be left in the sun for two days if dug

up at harvest time (in June) or for two weeks if
dug up earlier in the year.

Equally interesting are the processes for turning
fresh vegetables into foodstuffs that are commonly
stored for periods as long as 1 years and uncom-
monly for 20. These procedures provided the con-
tinual surplus of food which was the basis of the
Inca Empire (Rowe, 1946). Potatoes go through
stages of productive rotting: tapura, tubers which
are rotten when dug up or soon after, are boiled
and eaten in soup; kachi ch'unu, squishy tubers
which have been frozen but not dried, are boiled
and eaten with salt and, if possible, cheese; and
ch'unu, shrunken, desiccated tubers which have
been repeatedly frozen, stomped, and sun-bleached,
are soaked, boiled, and eaten in soups and stews
at any time from one to many years after they
have been harvested. This preservation strategy is
only possible in the extreme climate of the high
Andes, although city residents sometimes dupli-
cate the first stage by putting potatoes in their
freezer overnight in imitation of kachi ch'unu.

Alternatively, potatoes are leached in pools of
water for a period of days and then dried to pro-
duce white, mealy tubers called moraya (Qu.),
which also last for years. Lisas (Ullucus tuberosus)
and oca (Oxalis tuberosa) are processed in the same
way as ch 'unu for long-term storage, making llinlli
(Qu.) and khaya (Qu.), respectively. Although these
freeze-dried tubers far smaller and lighter than
fresh tubers are stored in enormous baskets for
later trade or use, they will not be consumed by
insects, bacteria, or rats.

The community of Chinchero is known
throughout the southern Peruvian Andes for grow-
ing potatoes both on a large scale and with par-
ticular expertise. The pampa of Chinchero may
have been the site of specialized potato production
as long ago as Inca times, so that the nearby Inca
sites of Moray and Machu Qulqa were constructed
for the purposes of industrial processing and stor-
age of tubers (E. Franquemont, 1983). More re-
cently, Chinchero has been a source of new potato
varieties for the southern Peruvian Andes. Most
notably. Eugenic Aucapuma created the widely
popular cultivar Papa Olones through artificial se-
lection of tubers he produced by planting the seeds
of selected potato fruits (Qu., ambarqutu).

Potatoes and, in lesser quantities, other tubers
are eaten in a variety of ways. Most commonly,
which is twice a day in most households in Chinch-
ero, boiled potatoes are eaten in soups seasoned
with condiments such as muna (Minthostachys
glabrescens). Plates or cloths of boiled potatoes are

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

19

FIG. 1 3. An ayni group accomplishes first hoeing of potato field with attendant ritual (January) (photo W.D.).

offered as accompaniment to every meal. Families
who can afford cooking oil also eat fried potatoes
occasionally, but most people dislike the im-
proved varieties of white potatoes because they
are useful only for frying.

Although estimates of the number of varieties
of potatoes known to Quechua people go as high
as 1,000, Brush's statement that "the average
farmer growing these varieties can name about
thirty-five types" is consistent with our observa-
tions in Chinchero (Brush et al., 1981).

The traditional potato cultivars in Chinchero
include examples of ecological adaptation, func-
tional and technological specialization, and the ap-
plication of the aesthetics of taste, texture, and
color. Many Chincherinos were unable to identify
potato varieties from growing plants by such char-
acters as flower color, leaf shape and wrinkling, or
habit, but instead dug up a few tubers. For the
same reason, botanists are unable to identify sub-
specific or cultivar categories on the basis of her-
barium or specimens alone. Au.Q. was among the
few people we encountered who was able to identify

varieties from plants in his own fields, where of
course he knew what mix of seeds he had planted.

Potatoes are generally grown according to one
of two regimes. A small number of fields that are
irrigable (Qu., maway) may be planted as early as
August for harvest in January-February. The fo-
liage is still green at maway harvest and is used
for fodder, and Brassica campestris is encouraged
within the fields to be eaten as a green (figs. 13-
14). The great bulk of Chinchero potatoes (Qu.,
hatun tarpuy 'great planting') are planted in non-
irrigable fields at the outset of the rainy season in
October-November and are harvested in May-
June when the foliage has died and the ground is
dry (fig. 15). These potatoes are hoed and hilled
twice, once with attendant ritual (fig. 16).

Chiri papas are specialized for cultivation in
cold areas and are grown in Chinchero only in the
high puna areas of Taucca and Umasbamba. Plants
are quite short in stature and withstand frosts;
tubers are small and not very tasty, so that Chinch-
erinos reserve them for ch'unu. Two other potato
cultivars are grown exclusively for ch'unu: yana

20

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

FIG. 14. Harvest of maway (irrigated) fields is done by first cutting the still-green tops of the potato plants with
a sickle; then pulling up stalks and removing attached tubers. Quantities of Brassica campestris, eaten as greens, are
allowed to grow in potato fields (photo cere).

wanya, also called asul wanya (Qu., yana 'black';
Sp., asurblue"), and cuchillo p'aki ('knife-breaker';
from Sp., cuchillo 'knife' and Qu., p'aki 'to break'),
which has large reddish tubers which are said to
be so hard that they break knives.

Since virtually all of the land in Chinchero is
too high in elevation to grow maize (Zea mays),
Chinchero people reserve a part of their potato
harvest in the form of tubers or ch 'unu (Qu.) to
trade for maize with their neighbors in the Uru-
bamba Valley, where maize is the primary agri-
cultural product.

When asked directly to name the source of a
potato cultivar, farmers' answers formed two poles:
potatoes were said to be either "from long ago"
(Sp., antigud) and frequently "from the family,"
or else from the Ministry of Agriculture. In longer
conversations, farmers recognized many paths
from the national government into their fields,
including hacienda labor paid in potatoes and the
Cusco market as well as direct distribution of seed
tubers by government agencies, but they continued
to mark cultivars as either "ours" or "theirs."

Mariba, yana mariba, yana bole, renacimiento, mi
pern, tomasa condemayta, and cusquena were
identified as Ministry of Agriculture potatoes. Of
these, only papa cusquena was said to be worth
eating, and it was said to be quite good and to
withstand boiling as well as frying. Chinchero
farmers grow other "improved" varieties for sale;
they require the use of fertilizer and insecticide
and are profitable only for a few farmers with large
areas of flat pampa land.

In 1986 growing potatoes was not profitable for
anyone due to the low price set by the government,
a price which nonetheless was higher than that of
potatoes abroad. This fact coupled with the lack
of an infrastructure for national distribution of
agricultural produce resulted in government im-
port from abroad of large quantities of potatoes
for sale in cities.

The ideal of the potato in Chinchero is qumpis,
with tubers which are evenly round, clear in color,
and mealy in texture. These potatoes are the best
to eat, are the most attractive, and go for the high-
est price if sold. They can be used for any purpose,

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

21

FIG. 15. Tops of plants from maway (irrigated field) are useful as fodder (photo cere).

although they are not ordinarily made into ch'unu
because they have a high value, and other varieties
are specialized for that purpose. The most highly
valued quality in a cooked potato is a mealy tex-
ture called in the literature arenoso (Sp., 'sandy')
or harinoso (Sp., 'floury'). Both adjectives are cor-
rect translations of the Quechua phrase, aquyuq,
used to describe them. Although potato varieties
are said to be specialized for several methods of
preparation, including baking in an earth-clod oven
(wathiya) and frying, the most highly regarded po-
tatoes are those that can be boiled (Qu., wayq'u).
Several specimens of feral, unused Solatium
tuberosum, collected along trails at 3800 m., are
known as atuq papa (Qu., 'fox's potatoes'), as is
one specimen of Solarium acaule. All indigenous
cultigens are acknowledged by Chinchero people
to have wild counterparts, but most cultigens of
Old World origin such as fava beans and barley
are not. Wild potato varieties are classed variously
as k'ita. atuq, and intiq or killaq. These names
characterize plants in a sequence of social domains
along a continuum from civilized to uncivilized.
The first, k'ita, are feral, or tame-gone-wild. Po-
tatoes which are said to be atuq, or to belong to

the fox, are thought to be wild, asocial, and un-
civilized, to be quite useless. Intiq or killaq papas
are not Solarium species, but rather Peperomia
species having tiny perfectly round tubers, and so
they can be said to be potatoes in the domain of
the sun or moon, a parallel but entirely distinct
social realm, that of supernatural society.

There have been reports that indigenous peoples
eat wild tubers (e.g., Correll, 1 962, for Mexico and
the North American Southwest); people in
Chinchero acknowledge the possibility of eating
wild tubers, but view it as an uncivilized thing to
do. They frequently maintain that, although "oth-
ers" who live in poorer or more marginal areas of
Chinchero eat such foods as wild Solanum tubers,
they themselves do not. For example, Cuper res-
idents suggested that people living in the former
hacienda Araqay at the eastern edge of Chinchero
ate araq potatoes, giving k'ita as a synonym for
araq; however, people commonly eat the greens
of a number of plants primarily cultivated for tu-
bers or grains, including potatoes, lisas, quinua,
and rhakhacha.

Two cultigens not ordinarily grown at high al-
titude, Canna x indica and Arracacia xanthor-

22

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

FIG. 16. A woman adds to a pile of potatoes being harvested by a group of people working in minkha. Portions
of the day's harvest will be distributed among the workers of the day (photo cere).

rhiza, were cultivated experimentally in Chinch-
ero. L.P. planted achira and rakhacha in his
relatively low and warm maize field at 3 100 m as
an experiment to determine whether he could grow
them in Chinchero. His interest in planting a wide
range of cultigens was challenged by these lowland
crops. Ultimately, he decided that, while not im-
possible, it was not worth the effort, particularly
since neither food is considered particularly de-
sirable. Achira (Gade, 1966) is not normally eaten
in Chinchero, although people are familiar with
the vegetable, which is served throughout the streets
of Cusco during the fiesta of Corpus Christi in May
on plates of ch'iri uchu (Qu., 'cold' 'hot pepper').
Many agriculturalists like L.P. engage in constant
experimentation, bringing wild plants home to their
courtyards and planting odd seeds given to them.
In 1986 several farmers experimented by planting
seeds of Amaranthus caudatus (Qu., kiwichd), a
plant actively promoted by the Garcia govern-
ment. The farmers found that kiwicha did not grow
well in altitudes as high as those of Chinchero, and
they had limited interest in the grain since no one
knew how to prepare it. The farmers denied hear-

ing of the plant before the recent publicity, al-
though in the early 1970s (Plowman, pers. comm.;
Gade, 1975), it was reported to have grown in
Ollantaytambo about 40 km from Chinchero.

In spite of the highly specialized and successful
nature of Chinchero agriculture, we found that
people also consumed a wide variety of wild plants.
Such plants have frequently been characterized in
.botanical reports as "famine food," but we learned
in Chinchero that preferences led people to include
wild plants as a significant element of their daily
diet, even when they had abundant food resources
from cultivation (table 1). People know exactly
where these plants can be found; they are occa-
sionally protected or even transplanted nearer to
households. The use of these plants should be re-
garded as ongoing experimentation and potential
domestication activity, and so we include these
wild plants in our discussion of "cultivated plants."

Use of wild plants for diet is summarized in
Table 1 : raw vegetables (5 species), masticants (3
species), cooked greens or roots ( 1 1 species), con-
diments (10 species), fruits (3 species), and snack
foods (25 species). In addition, more than 40 species

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

23

TABLE 1 . Wild plants used in Chinchero diet.

Local name

latin name

Use

UNCOOKED VEGETABLES
k'ita achuqcha
llakhi or k'ita aselgas
maransiras

murmuntu or llullucha
uqururu

Cyclanthera brachybotrys
Rumex crispus
Compositae indet.
Nostoc commune
Mimulus glabratus

YOUNG LEAVES AS COOKED GREENS

phuytu or k'ita quinua

llullu

mayu mosta/illa

lakhi or k'ita aselgas

k'ita or puna rakhacha

COOKED VEGETABLES
phuya phuya
frutilla
oka qupisun

khallampa

quncha

llullucha

CONDIMENTS
khunuqa
chiqchipa
payqu

molle

maransiras

mostaza

muna

puna colander

puna colander

qhitu qhitu

SNACK FOODS*

ramos ramos

achanqharas

tintin

capuli

chiqchi

wayq'untuy

k'aqlla

ana panqu

pampa anis

leche leche

luraypu

ch'ullkus

chhilin campanilla

frutilla frutilla
k'ita frutilla
granadillas
kiyawcha

trago trago

tintincha
macha macha
anis

Chenopodium quinoa ssp. milleanum
Brassica campeslris
Nasturtium officinale
Rumex crispus
Arracacia peruviana

Nothoscordum andicola
Hydrocotyle urbaniana
Calandrinia acaulis
Morchella spp.
Pleurocollybia spp.
Nostoc commune

Satureja boliviano
Tagetes multiflora
Gomphrena elegans, Iresine celosia,

Chenopodium ambrosioides
Schinus molle
Compositae indet.
Brassica sp.

Minthostachys glabrescens
Daucus montanus
Oreomyrrhis andicola

Gamochaeta spicata

Bomarea spp.

Begonia clarkei

Passiflora mixta

Prunus serotina ssp. capuli

Berberis diffortioides

Tillandsia oroyensis

Cactaceae sp.

Cactaceae sp.

Vilobia praetermissa

Ipomoea minuta

Echeveria cf. peruviana

Oxalis peduncularis var. pilosa

Fuchsia apetala

Fragaria vesca
Passiflora pinnatistipula
Epidendrum cf. densifolium
Oncidium cf. aureum
Oxalis peduncularis
Oxalis steinbachii
Oxalis sp.
Castilleja pumila
Passiflora gracilens
Kakeneckia lanceolata
Ribes brachybotrys

Fresh fruits in salads

Young tender leaves in salads

Fresh leaves in sauce

Fresh algae, has tonic qualities

Fresh leaves in salads

(Young leaves and stems)

Roots boiled and chopped like onions
Root boiled and its 'fruit' eaten
Root peeled, sunned, cooked
Fungi replaces meat in main dishes
Fungi in hot sauces of main dishes
Algae cooked in stews

Foliage in sopa de ch'unu

Seeds

Leaves

Leaves in hot sauce

Leaves can substitute for cilantro in

hot sauce, other foods
Ground with flour of Viciafava

Stem and fruits

Juice and epidermis of leaves

Fruit

Fruits

Fruits

Accumulated water

Fruit

Fruit

Foliage

Tuber

Leaves chewed to alleviate thirst

Stem and leaves chewed

Fruits

Fruits

Fruits

Juice of stem

Pseudobulbs for thirst

Juice from stem and leaves

Stem and leaves, juice from flower

Root

Nectar from flowers

Fruit, called k'ita trombos

Berries; also intoxicating

Chew plant

24

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

TABLE 1. Continued.

Local name

Latin name

Use

SNACK FOODS (CONTINUED)

macha macha
awilmantu
pins pins
aquy kaqka

LEAVES CHEWED "LIKE COCA"

pampa anis Vilobia praetermissa

pawituscha Vicia andicola

inca coca Polypodium spp.

Ribes brachybotrys
Saracha herrerae
Salpichroa gayi
Pilea serpyllacea

Eat berries

Fruit, called puka ruru

Fruit

Raw fruit

Leaves

Leaves and stem

Leaves

* Eaten raw by shepherds (especially children) and others who frequent the areas where these plants grow.

of wild plants are gathered and systematically used
raw in tonic drinks or prepared into teas, ingested
both to maintain daily health and to treat special
problems. Neither Quechua people nor nutrition-
ists accept a clear-cut division between the two
supposed functional categories, medicinal and nu-
tritious. Of course, some cases are clear: nunu-
punqa (Euphorbia peplus) is a violent purge and
would never be consumed under normal circum-
stances. Many teas and drinks, however, are cho-
sen for their general healthful attributes; for ex-
ample, as tonics; as particularly appropriate to
morning or evening consumption; or as agents of
hot or cold needed to balance an individual's con-
stitution.

A useful tree which is encouraged to grow near
households is qiswar(Qu.), Buddleja spp. This for-
merly common native tree is appreciated for its
wood, its colorful orange flowers, and the protec-
tion it offers from sun and wind. The chroniclers
of the Colonial period say that the Cusco area was
continuously forested at the time of the Spanish
Conquest with native species such as Buddleja and
Polylepis (Qu., qiund). Today, these native trees
exist only in a few sheltered remnants of cloud
forest and as individual trees where protected by
people. Cutting for use of the wood as fuel as well
as climatic change have hastened the demise of
these plants; and conversely, large-scale defores-
tation has contributed to the increasing dryness of
sierra lands.

Informal experimentation is carried out con-
stantly by people who pick up plants in the wild
and bring them home to grow next to their houses.
This activity is best represented in the Chinchero
collections by the plants from the late A.H.'s house
garden (K100-K113) (fig. 17). Along with condi-
ments and ornamentals cultivated for use and sale,
such as wakatay (Tagetes terni flora), ruda (Ruta

graveolens), and chiwanway (Stenomesson vari-
egatuiri), Don A. had transplanted from Antaki-
llqa hillside several wild plants negro uman
(Eryngium weberbaueri), qalaywala (Polypodium
angustifolia), and urqu phalcha (Halenia weddel-
liana)and was nurturing them as potential court-
yard plants. On the wall of his courtyard, L.P. was
still tending vines of Boussingaultia diffusa that
he said had been transplanted there by his grand-
father. The thick, juicy leaves of this plant are
useful to L.P., who grinds them to make a poultice
which is applied to the cheek for tooth problems.
L.P.'s son, G.P., is now growing maransiras (un-
identified species), a wild herb used as a condi-
ment, next to his house in response to our interest
in the plant and repeated questioning of his as-
sertion that it never flowers. (It did not flower
between 6 Sept. 1986 and 26 July 1987; when we
visited G.P. in July 1988, he told us that one of
his plants had indeed produced a white, "pilli-
like" flower several months earlier.) These anec-
dotes are examples of the activity of all Chinchero
people who travel on a daily and yearly basis
throughout their varied ecology.

Gade (1972a) has suggested that Andean peo-
ple's use of the common European field weed Bras-
ska campestris as an edible green is an example
of incipient agricultural practice, active encour-
agement of the growth of a camp-following weed
that could eventually become a cultigen.

Over the past 450 years, a number of Old World
crops have been integrated into Andean agricul-
ture to varying degrees (table 2). None of them is
a tuber; the major European changes in tuber
farming in the Andes have been plowing with oxen
and a feudal land tenure system, changes that have
been felt more in Chinchero in the flat ayllu Yan-
acona than on the slopes of Cuper. European grains
are grown as much for cash crops as for con-

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

25

FIG. 17. A.H. and his wife pose in front of his household garden of herbs and ornamentals raised for use, sale,
and curiosity (K101-K111) (photo S.K.).

sumption, and they are broadcast, cut, stocked,
and threshed and winnowed in European style. It
is interesting that quinoa, an Andean pseudoce-
real, is treated in much the same way (although
threshed by hand in small quantities rather than
with oxen).

Fava beans figure in the daily diet of all people
in Chinchero. The fava bean (Sp., habas, Vicia
fabaL.) is an introduced crop plant in the Andes,

probably native to Southwest Asia. The bean is a
staple food widely planted and eaten in Chinchero
and sometimes sold. The beans are boiled and
eaten fresh, or dried, then toasted (Sp., tostado) or
boiled to make phuspa (Qu.), favored portable
foods. Habas are planted after the first heavy rain
in November, harvested in May. Five cultivars
were collected in Chinchero under cultivation on
the plain surrounding Lake Piuray at 3800 m. Three

26

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

TABLE 2. Chinchero cultigens.

Local name

English
name

Latin name

Part used

Special preparation

Origin

ANDEAN CROPS

papa (Qu.)

Solarium tuberosum

Tuber

Fresh, stored,

frozen, freeze-

dried, or water-

processed

lisas (Sp.)

Ullucus tuberosus

Tuber

anu (Qu.)

Tropaeolum tuberosum

Tuber

Sunned

quinoa (Qu.)

Chenopodium quinoa

Grain

Washed

rakhacha (Qu.)

Arracacia xanthorrhiza

Root

achira (Qu.)

Canna x indica

tarwi (Qu.)

Lupinus mutabilis

Seeds

Boiled, leached

INTRODUCED CROPS

avena (Sp.)

Oats

Avena saliva

Grain

Old World

cebada (Sp.)

Barley

Hordeum vulgare

Grain

Old World

trigo (Sp.)

Wheat

Triticum aestivum

Grain

Old World

albergas, Sp.

Peas

Pisum sativum

Seeds

Old World

arvejas

hawas, Sp. habas

Fava beans

Viciafaba

Seeds

Old World

Qu., llullu; Sp.,

Rape

Brassica campestris

Greens

Old World

nabos

sara (Qu.)

Maize

Zea mays

Grain

Mexico

eucalyptus (Sp.)

Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus globulus

Wood,

Australia

leaves

Individuals also occasionally cultivate radishes, carrots, lettuce, and onions on a very small scale.

were designated by color: habas blancas (Sp., blan-
ca 'white,' in reference to its light-colored stems
and fruits); puka habas (Qu.. puka 'red,' in refer-
ence to its dark reddish stems and fruits); and
q'umir habas (Qu., q'umir 'green,' again in refer-
ence to the green color of stems and fruits). Flowers
of all three cultivars were white. A fourth cultivar,
puquchun habas (Qu., puquchun 'ripen!'), was said
to produce a greater quantity of large seeds. The
fifth, paluqu habas (Qu.) had plants shorter in stat-
ure than most other varieties, but were not oth-
erwise remarked by farmers.

The Old World pea, Pisum sativum (Qu., al-
wirha, from Sp., arvejd), an introduced crop plant
native to Europe or the Near East, is cultivated in
small quantities in Chinchero for occasional con-
sumption in soups and stews. Two varieties of
albergas (from the Sp., arvejas), like those of ha-
bas. were collected, blancas (Sp., 'white') and rojas
(Sp., 'red'), cultivated in small plots among fields
of habas on the flat plain surrounding Lake Piuray
at 3800 m. Albergas blancas, which had white
flowers, were said to have larger seeds and to be
more prolific than albergas rojas, which had red
flowers. Although the variety albergas blancas was
said to be newer, the seed for both came from
locally kept family seed stocks.

Chinchero farmers increasingly plant the intro-
duced grains: oats (Avena saliva) for animal fod-
der, wheat (Triticum aestivum) for occasional hu-
man consumption in thick soup (Qu., lawa) (fig.
18), and especially barley (Hordeum vulgare) for
sale to the Cerveza Cusquena brewery in Cusco.

Four species collected were cultivated for their
fruit: trombos (fruits of Passijlora mixta), man-
zana 'apple' (Malus sylvestris, Eurasian origin),
durazno 'peach' (Prunus persica, Chinese origin),
and capuli, (Prunus serotina ssp. capuli, native of
Mexico and Central America, cultivated and es-
caped). Although enterprising individuals (fre-
quently children) collect these fruits in season and
lake them to markets for sale, they do not have
any significant economic importance. Adults rare-
ly eat them, generally viewing them as unhealthy,
even life-threatening, foods.

Most of the many plants cultivated as condi-
ments or teas are of Old World origin (table 3).
These species are cultivated in small household
gardens for personal use, gifts to neighbors, and
sale in the Sunday market. The fact that so many
of the species are European suggests that these
gardens follow the model of the European herb
garden.

The agricultural resources of this and other An-

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

27

FIG. 18. A ch'asti, an adolescent role in dance groups and fiestas, cleans wheat. Wheat, an Old World grain less
suited to high altitudes, is increasingly replacing Andean grains such as quinua as a prestige food (photo S.K.).

dean communities have evolved over 5,000 years
of experimentation, acquisition, and keen obser-
vation. Through this process, new cultivars (de-
fined genetically and perceptually) have been de-
veloped, acquired, and maintained by the people
of Chinchero according to their perceived needs
and interests. In the course of this process, many
plants have changed: genetic material has been

added and lost. Recent dependence upon cash
economies and improved varieties developed by
national sources have no doubt eroded the genetic
pool available to Chinchero farmers. Despite this
erosion, farmers will continue to bring their in-
telligence and creativity to solve their immediate
problems through manipulation of the plant world
in which they live.

28

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

TABLE 3. Minor cultivated plants.

Local name

Latin name

Use

Origin

CONDIMENTS OR TEAS

manzanilla

Matricaria recutita

Flowers used to make tea

Eurasia

wakatay

Tagetes terniflora

Leaves used as condiment in soups and

Andes

other dishes, to stuff cui (Qu., 'guinea

pigs') before roasting

san ta mayra

Tanacetum parthenium

Used for tea

Balkan Peninsula

ahinhus

Artemisia absinthium

Used for tea

Eurasia

culandro

Coriandrum sativum

Foliage used as ubiquitous condiment in

Mediterranean

cooked and uncooked dishes

hinojo

Foeniculum vulgare

Herbage used for tea

Mediterranean

llanten

Plantago major

Leaves used for medicinal tea

Old World

phanti

Cosmos peucedanifolius

Entire plant as medicinal tea

Andes

ORNAMENTALS

chiwanway

Stenomesson spp.

Andes

qantu

Cantua buxifolia

Andes

sira nuqchu

Salvia dombeyi

Andes

tintin

Passiflora mixta

Andes

cartucho

Penstemon gentianoides

Mexico

puka t'ika

Dahlia pinnata

Mexico

clavel

Dianthus barbatus

Old World

uchu k'aspa

Calendula officinalis

Old World

Explanation of Format
Species Information

The following list of plants is arranged alpha-
betically by family, and within families, by genus
and species. We have modified the format pre-
sented by Vickers and Plowman (1984) to include
more extensive ethnographic information. We hope
that this format will serve as a model for consistent
ethnobotanical reporting, and that it presents a
maximum amount of information of interest to
botanists and anthropologists in an abbreviated
(and space-saving) manner.

For each species the following information is
given: family, genus and species, geographic dis-
tribution, community, altitude and habitat of col-
lection, local name(s), voucher specimen numbers,
and ethnographic information, in the following
format:

FAMILY

Genus species author(s)

Known geographic distribution of the

species.
Community, altitude. (Specific locality and)

habitat (specimen number if variable).
local name (language, 'gloss') [specimen
number]

local name (language, 'gloss') [specimen

number]

Ethnographic information (informant's
initials). Further ethnographic infor-
mation (informant's initials).
Community (if different), altitude, etc.

The format for the major cultivated plants in-
cludes more extensive discussion by the authors.

FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES Plants which could
not be identified to species are listed at the end of
their genus; those which could not be identified to
genus are listed at the end of their family.

KNOWN GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPE-
CIES The geographic distribution was gleaned
from published works (e.g., Flora of Peru, mono-
graphs), through consultation with taxonomic spe-
cialists and by checking specimens in Field Mu-
seum herbarium.

COMMUNITY The structure of Chinchero com-
munities (Sp., comunidad) or ayllus is described
under "Setting" and their locations given in Figure
1. Since communities have ethnic identity and
community-specific activities, economies, and
even plant names, the community of collection is
noted. The majority of collections was made in
Cuper, the most environmentally diverse com-
munity.

ALTITUDE Altitudinal ranges refer specifically

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

29

to localities of collection, not to communities or
habitat types.

HABITAT Habitats are quoted from botanists'
collection notes. Specimen numbers follow de-
scriptions only if habitats differ. Habitat descrip-
tions generally express both the nature of human
activity in a zone (i.e., "pastured," "garden") and
its physical nature (i.e.. "cliff faces," "waterfall").
Specific toponyms included in habitat descriptions
will allow future researchers who talk to local peo-
ple to locate these habitats directly within the 1 35-
sq km area of Chinchero. Chinchero residents have
a minutely named community topography and an
experience-based phytogeography linking plants
to specific places in their environment.

LOCAL NAME We did not edit information on
local names of plants to determine the "correct"
or "best" name for a plant, but instead listed all
responses. Frequently, more than one local name
is listed for a species; sometimes more than one
name is given for a single specimen number. If the
informant was uncertain, we noted that the name
was "suggested" as a possibility, or offered as an
"alternate" to a preferred name. Even a single in-
dividual may accept more than one legitimate name
for a plant (as in the case of Astragalus garban-
cillo). Spelling variation reflects varying pronun-
ciation as we heard and recorded it. All Quechua
words are spelled in a consistent orthography (see
Note on Quechua Orthography).

LANGUAGE Local names are identified as either
Quechua (Qu.) or Spanish (Sp.). Quechua names
derived from Spanish words are identified as Qu.
from Sp., giving the Spanish word of origin.

GLOSS OF NAME Translations for Quechua
plant names are provided only if informants spe-
cifically told us that such a translation might be
applied to that name; dictionary or hearsay trans-
lations are not included. Reference for spelling and
meaning of all Spanish words is the Diccionario
de la Lengua Espanola (Real Academia Espanola,
1984).

SPECIMEN NUMBER The majority of specimens
was collected between January and April, 1982
[D1339-DI822, K100-K321]. "D" numbers were
collected by W.D., C.F., E.F., S.R.K., and C.R.S.;
arbitrarily, names were listed alphabetically. After
W.D. left the project, S.R.K. was listed first, rep-
resented by "K" numbers. Additional specimens
were collected by E.F. in 1983 [F201-F202] and
by C.F. and E.F. in 1985-1986 [F254-F258, F260-
F282, F285-F366, F368-F37], and F376].

ETHNOGRAPHIC INFORMATION We did not
make judgments of cultural value in reporting eth-

nographic statements about plants. All informa-
tion is reported, since childhood memories and
aesthetic exclamations are equally as important as
economic uses in Quechua people's understanding
of the natural world. In order to express the vari-
able nature of Quechua plant knowledge, we ob-
served a number of conventions.

All observations have been translated into En-
glish, but words allowing only approximate trans-
lation such as illness terms are followed by original
Spanish or Quechua words. Because Quechua cat-
egories of illness and cure do not correspond to
pharmacological vocabulary (i.e., febrifuge, ame-
norrheic), we avoided the use of pharmacological
terms.

Ethnographic information is reported in the voice
of informants (whose initials are included at the
end of the sentence) rather than as statements by
the researchers about what informants said. For
example, "Edible, and as good to eat as meat"
(L.P.) is in place of "Said to be edible and as good
to eat as meat." Although the voice is maintained,
the translations are anything but direct; for in-
stance, the exchange with L.P. probably went
something like, "This stuffs good, you can eat it,
Teat it; in fact if I don't have meat I eat it, it's
like meat." "Meat?" "Meat." "Meat?" "Tastes just
like meat." (Anonymous statements, unattributed
to individuals, are by the authors. We speak as
one, although in a future study, we would choose
to present the diverse members of the research
team as individuals as well.)

In the same way, we do not judge whether plants
"treated" or successfully "cured" illnesses, but
rather report what we were told. The ideas of
"treatment" and "cure" are not separate to Que-
chua people; for example, the single word hampiy
might be said to mean 'treat for the purpose of
curing.'

The following conventions rule the expression
of negative knowledge:

Name [Use] Unknown Informants said that
they did not know the name or use of a plant; such
a name or use may exist, but they did not know
it or could not recall it.

Plant Has No Use Informants stated definitely
that a plant had no use. A name was thought to
exist for every plant, although one lichen had no
name because it was considered to be soil, not a
plant.

Name [Use] Not Recorded Ethnographic in-
formation was not recorded. A number of these
plants grew in places which people fear and refuse
to visit or talk about; for instance, Puqpuq water-

30

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

fall, locally known to be inhabited by a sirena (Sp.,
'malignant female spirit').

Informant Biographies

Biographies are given of individuals interviewed
in specific reference to plant specimens. Language
skills vary greatly, but informants are judged as
bilingual (bl.; Quechua and Spanish) or monolin-
gual (ml.; Quechua only) on the basis of ability
and frequency of communication in those lan-
guages. Approximate ages (as of 1 982) are rounded
off to the nearest decade up to 60; ages over 60
are impossible to estimate. Many changes took
place in the lives of these individuals since the
study began in 1 982: Several married, several died,
at least one migrated to Lima, and one became a
trilingual university graduate.

1. G.A., Guadelupe Alvarez, married female,

Yanacona, age 50, bl.

2. A.Ca., Adela Callanaupa Alvarez, unmar-

ried female, Yanacona, age 10, bl., stu-
dent

3. A. Co., (the late) Angelica Concha, unmar-

ried female, Ayllupunqu, age 10, bl., stu-
dent

4. N.C., Nilda Callanaupa Alvarez, unmar-

ried female, Yanacona, age 20, bl., uni-
versity student

5. V.C., Vicente Callanaupa, married male,

Yanacona, age 50, bl.

6. E.C., Eugenia Cusihuaman, married fe-

male, Cuper, age 60, ml.

7. Je.C., Jeronimo Cusihuaman Quispe, un-

married/married male, Cuper, age 20, bl.,
university student

8. Jo.C., Jose Cusihuaman, married male, Pu-

kamarka, age 30, bl.

9. M.C., Melchior Cusihuaman, married male,

Cuper, age 60, ml.

10. B.G., (the late) Benita Gutierrez Garcia,

married female, Cuper, age 60, ml.,
weaver

1 1. A.H., (the late) Anisette Huaman, married

male, Cuper, age 60, ml.

12. J.H., Jacinto Huaman, married male,

Ayllupunqu, age 40, bl.

13. L.H., Lorenzo Huaman, married male,

Taucca, age 30, bl.

14. M.H., Maria Huaman, married female,

Taucca, age 30, ml.

15. O.H., Octavio Huaman, unmarried male,

Taucca, age 10, bl.

16. T.H., Tomas Huaman Quispe, married

male, Ayllupunqu, age 50, bl. archaeo-
logical employee

17. S.J., Simeona Jaimes Livita, married fe-

male, Ayllupunqu, age 20, bl.

18. M.L., Maria Livita, widowed female, Ayl-

lupunqu, age 50, ml.

19. T.L., Teodora Livita, unmarried female,

Ayllupunqu, age 50, ml.

20. G.P., Graciano Pumaaylli, unmarried/

married male, Cuper, age 20, bl.

21. L.P., Lorenzo Pumaaylli, married male,

Cuper, age 50, bl.

22. P.P., Pedro Pablo Pumayalli, married male,

Cuper, age 50, bl., community leader

23. Au.Q., Aurelio Quillahuaman Livita, un-

married male, Ayllupunqu, age 20, bl.

24. Al.Q., Alejandro Quispe, married male,

Yanacona, age 40, bl., blacksmith

25. Am.Q., unmarried male, Cuper, age 20, bl.

26. C.Q., Cipriana Quispe, married female, Cu-

per, age 60, ml., weaver

27. B.Q., (the late) Benita Quispe, widowed fe-

male, Yanacona, age 60, ml.

28. C.R., Cleofe Rodriguez, married female,

Ayllupunqu, age 30, bl.

29. G.S., Genovevo Sallo Gutierrez, married

male, Cuper, age 20, bl.

30. J.S., (the late) Julian Sallo, married male,

Cuper, age 60, ml.

31. M.T., Martina ?, married female, Taucca,

age 20, ml.

32. U.I., (unidentified informant) refers to the

group of casual informants spoken with
incidentally throughout the study.

At least 19 of these individuals are now related
to at least one of the authors through compadraz-
go; six of these relationships already existed at the
beginning of this study in 1 982. To our knowledge,
five have died.

Although efforts made to work with a balanced
group of informants were purely informal, they do
represent a range of social roles and backgrounds.
Fourteen are female; 1 7 are male. Estimated ages
range from nine to more than 60, including all
groups between. Twenty are bilingual Spanish/
Quechua speakers; 1 1 are monolingual Quechua
speakers, meaning that they communicate exclu-
sively in Quechua, although of course everyone
understands at least some words of Spanish. The
largest number of informants is from Cuper (12),
followed by Ayllupunqu (8), Yanacona (6), Taucca
(4), and Pukamarka (1).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

31

Note on Quechua (Qichuwa)
Orthography

Quechua (runa simi) words in this work are
spelled according to the official alphabet decreed
by the government of Peru on 18 November 1985
as published in El Peruano, Lima, Tuesday, 24
December 1985.

a (as in English hall)

ch - chh - ch' (as in English chum, with varia-
tions)

h (as in English hall)
i (as ee in English tree; see note below)
k - kh - k' (as k in English kiss, with variations)

I (as in English land)

II (as li in English Dahlia)
m (as in English, mum)

n (as in English, nun)

ft (as in Spanish, cafta)

p - ph - p' (as in English, pot, plus variations)

q - qh - q' (sound not present in English)

r (variable)

s (as in English, soup)

t - th - 1' (as in English top, plus variations)

u (as in Spanish tu; see note below)

w (as in English, wash; aw, as ow in English,

cow)
y (as in English, you; ay, as in Spanish hay)

A few notes may be helpful for anyone who
wishes to pronounce Quechua words. First, there
arc only three vowels: a, i, and u. The a is not
variable, but to native English speakers, the i (pro-
nounced like ee in tee-shirt) varies to e (as in pen-
ny); the u (as in tuna) varies to o (as in hole). This
sound shift happens if the vowels are in the vicin-
ity of a q (for example, muqu ('knot') sounds like
moqo; and chiqchi ('three-color mottled') sounds
like cheqchi.) A few cases, such as lumu lumu
(sounds like Spanish, lomo) are harder to account
for and are noted as exceptions. Coca and oca are
widely written words, and to avoid confusion have
not been rendered kuka and uka. Published place
names such as Chinchero and Cusco have been
left in the form in which they usually appear on
maps, as has the community name Cuper.

The consonants ch, k, p, q, and t have three
forms: unaspirated (p can sound like b; q can sound
like g; t can sound like d); aspirated (chh); and
followed by a glottal stop (ch'). In Chinchero glot-
tal stops are not used consistently, even by a single
individual, so we do not worry excessively about
them.

There are no diphthongs; two vowel sounds do
not occur next to each other. All words are ac-
cented on the penultimate syllable.

Chinchero is rapidly becoming bilingual. Vari-
ation in the name for peas (Pisum salivum) ranges
from alwirha (by older monolingual Quechua
speakers) to the commonly heard alberga to stan-
dard Spanish arveja. Hispanicized spelling is re-
tained for words borrowed from or based on Span-
ish; for example, culandro from cilantro. These
words should be pronounced as if they were Span-
ish.

List of Chinchero Plants
FUNGI

MORCHELLACEAE

Morchella deliciosa Fries

Pantemperate and in mountainous regions

of the tropics up to tree line.
Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Lightly grazed slopes

above Puqpuq waterfall.
Name and use not recorded [D1508]

Morchella elata Fries

Pantemperate and in mountainous regions

of the tropics up to tree line.
Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Among tall grass on

Antakillqa hillside.
khallampa, pacha khallampa (Qu., pacha,

'earth') [D1680A]

Edible and as good to eat as meat (L.P.).
Sometimes cooked in main courses
in place of animal stomach (L.P.).

Morchella esculenta (L.) Fries

Pantemperate and in mountainous regions

of the tropics up to tree line.
Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Fungus among tall grass

on Antakillqa hillside.
khallampa, pacha khallampa (Qu., pacha,

'earth') [D1680B]

Edible and as good to eat as meat (L.P.).
Sometimes cooked in main courses
in place of animal stomach (L.P.).

TRICHOLOMATACEAE

Lepista glabella (Speg.) Singer

Widely distributed in tropics and subtrop-

ics.
Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Antakillqa hillside.

32

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Name and use unknown (L.P.) [D1679]
Not edible (L.P.).

Pleurocollybia cibaria Singer

Tropical South America.
Cuper, 3500-3700 m. On steep rocky slopes
among ichu and awarunkhu on Gutier-
rezchayuq section of Antakillqa hill.
quncha (Qu.) [F345]
Edible. Can be eaten in hot sauce or main
dishes.

Pleurocollybia sp. all', cibaria Singer

Tropical South America.
Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Antakillqa hillside.
llanka quncha (Qu.) [D1678]
An ingredient in hot sauce, as is another
fungus, Inka quncha (not collected)
(L.P.).

LICHENS

DIPLOSCHISTACEAE

Diploschistes all', hypoleucus Zahlbr.

South America, on sandy soils at higher

elevations.
Taucca, 4000-4280 m. Lichen on packed soil

on open hillside.
allpalla (Qu., 'just soil and nothing more')

[K2J9]
Not a plant, only white soil (G.A., O.H.).

GYROPHORACEAE

Umbilicaria peruviana Llano

Peruvian Andes.
Taucca, 3900 m. Lichen on rocks of stone wall

in community center.
qaqa sunkha (Qu., qaqa, 'rock'; sunkha,

'beard') [K230]
Use unknown (G.S.).

PARMELIACEAE

Cetrariastrum all', nigrociliatum (Bouly de Les-
dain) W. Culb. & C. Culb.

Tropical Mexico to northern South Amer-
ica.
Taucca, 4000-4280 m. Lichen on hard-packed

soil.
qaqa sunkha (Qu., qaqa, 'rock'; sunkha,

'beard') [K223A]
Use unknown (O.H.).

Hypotrachyna sp.

Taucca, 4000-4280 m. Lichen on hard-packed

soil.
ayaq waqtan (Qu., ayaq, 'corpse's'; waqtan,

'ribs') [K22JB]
Used as a remedy for coughs (O.H.).

Xanthoparmelia peruviensis Hale

Peru.
Taucca, 4000-4280 m. Lichen on hard-packed

soil.
ayaq waqtan (Qu., ayaq, 'corpse's'; waqtan,

'ribs') [K221A]
Used as a remedy for coughs (O.H.).

PELTIGERACEAE

Peltigera horizontalis (Hudson) Baumg.

Pantemperate.

Cuper, 3330 m. Lichen over mosses on steep
wet rock slopes below Puqpuq waterfall.
Name and use not recorded [DJ822]

Peltigera polydactyla (Necker) H.

Pantemperate.

Cuper, 3500-3700 m. Lichen growing with
Peltigera praetextata (K283B) among
mosses on moist steep rock on Gutier-
rezchayuq section of Antakillqa hillside.
maki maki (Qu., maki, 'fist') [K283A]
Use unknown (G.P.).

Peltigera praetextata (Floerke) Vainio

Pantemperate in cooler climates.
Cuper, 3500-3700 m. Lichen growing with
Peltigera polydactyla (K283A) among
mosses on moist steep rock on Gutier-
rezchayuq section of Antakillqa hillside.
maki maki (Qu., maki, 'fist') [K283B]
Use unknown (G.P.).

STICTACEAE

Sticta aff. boliviana W. Nyl.

Northern South America.
Cuper, 3500-3700 m. Lichen among mosses
on moist steep rock on Gutierrezchayuq
section of Antakillqa hillside.
maki maki (Qu., maki, 'fist') [K284]
Use unknown (G.P.).

TELOSCHISTACEAE

Teloschistes exilis (Michaux) Vainio

Widely distributed in the tropics and sub-
tropics.
Cuper, 3400-38 10 m. Lichen on steep, rocky,

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

33

gra/ed slopes along trail on K'inti Cuesta

hillside, and on twigs of Barnadesia sp.

near Inca terraces.
ch'apu ch'apu (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1780]
Name unknown [D1376]

Use unknown (G.P., G.S.).

THELEPHORACEAE

Cora pavonia (Sw.) Fries

Widespread in the tropics.
Taucca, 4000-^*280 m. Lichen among green

moss.

winku siki (Qu., winku, 'large glass with
straight flaring sides'; siki, 'posterior')
[K222]
maki maki(Qu., maki, 'fist') suggested name

(M.T.) [K222]

Name was suggested, perhaps on the spur
of the moment, in reference to the
lichen's growth form (O.H.). Use un-
known (O.H., M.T.).

USNEACEAE

Everniopsis trulla (Achar.) W. Nyl.

Widely distributed in Central and South

America.

Cuper, 3500-3700 m. Lichen on rocks on Gu-
tierrezchayuq section of Antakillqa hill-
side.
Name and use unknown (G.P.) [K292]

Usnea sp.

Cuper, 3450-3550 m. On rock in quebrada

above Puqpuq waterfall.
ch'apu ch'apu (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1479]
kaka suphu (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1479]
Possibly drunk in teas (G.S.). Use un-
known (G.P.).

Family indet.

Cuper, altitude unknown. Antakillqa hillside.
papel papelcha (Qu. from Sp. papel, 'paper';

-cha, 'little') [F279]
Used to make a tea to treat cough (U.I.).

Family indet.

Cuper, altitude unknown.

Name and use unknown [F346]
Lichens ("plants of this kind") are said
to prefer to live around people (U.I.).

ALGAE

CHROOCOCCACEAE

Anacystis aeruginosa (Zanardini) Drouet & Daily

Cosmopolitan.

Yanacona, 3750 m. Submerged in water in
fallow fields on moist, seasonally inun-
dated pampa.

hamp'atu llullucha (Qu., hamp'atu, 'frog';
llullucha, 'little vegetable greens')
[D1631]
Plant has no use (G.P.).

NOSTOCACEAE

Nostoc commune Vaucher

Cosmopolitan.
Pukamarka, 3800 m. Alga floating in shallow

water of Lake Pataqucha.
llullucha (Qu., llullu, 'vegetable greens'; -

cha, 'little') [D1592]
Eaten fresh as a tonic (Sp., refrescd) (G.S.).
Cooked into main dishes such as pi-
cante(Sp., 'spicy dish'), or with tarwi
(Lupinus mutabilis) and llinlli (freeze-
dried Ullucus tuberosus) in stew
(G.S.). Sold fresh in Chinchero Sun-
day market and in Cusco market.
Yanacona, 3750 m. Alga in moist depressions
and in flooded areas in cultivated fields.
llullucha (Qu., llullu, 'vegetable greens'; -

cha, 'little') [D1632]
This variety is not eaten and is distin-
guished from the edible variety,
which is larger and grows in larger
bodies of water (G.P.).
Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. Alga on moist soil at
edge of potato field near shallow Lake
Punqulay.
Name and use not recorded [D1636]

MOSSES (MUSCI)

AMBLYSTEGIACEAE

Sciaromium crassinervatum Mitt.

Peru to Chile.
Cuper, 3330 m. Moss on wet rocks on steep

cliff by Puqpuq waterfall.
Name and use not recorded [DJ796]

34

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

BARTRAMIACEAE

Breutelia austro-arcuata (C. Miill. ) Par.

Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Argentina, Gua-
temala, Mexico.
Cuper, 3300 m. Hatun Wayq'u quebrada,

place called Kiqtuyoq.
Name and use unknown [F282A]

Breutelia nigrescens Herzog

Peru and Bolivia.

Taucca, 4050-4250 m. On steep rocky slopes.
kaka sunqi (Qu., kaka, 'rock'; sunqi, 'beard')

(L.H.) [D1523]

Name unknown (G.S.) [D1523]
Used for Christmas decorations (G.S.).
Use unknown (L.H.).

MNIACEAE

Plagiomnium rhynchophorum (Hook.) T. Kop.

Mexico to Brazil and the West Indies.
Cuper, 3360 m. Moss on wet rocks on steep

cliff.
Name and use not recorded [D1794]

ORTHOTRICHACEAE

Zygodon pichinchensis (Taylor) Mitt.

Mexico and Costa Rica; Venezuela and Co-
lombia to Peru.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Moss on moist rock

face, on steep rocky slopes.
kaka sunqi (Qu., kaka, 'rock'; sunqi, 'beard')

[D1522]

Name unknown (G.S.) [D1522]
Use unknown (L.H., G.S.).

Family indet.

Yanacona, 3800 m. Moss on rocks on dry

pastured slopes.
yunqu(Qu.) [K129]
Use unknown (T.H.).

Family indet.

Cuper, approx. 3500 m. Moss on moist rocks
on Antakillqa hillside, place called Tas-
akuranaladunpi.
urqun chapun (Qu., urqun, 'male'; chapun,

'hairy') [F295]
Plant grows erect; use unknown (T.L.).

Family indet.

Cuper, approx. 3500 m. Moss on moist rocks
on Antakillqa hillside, place called Tas-
akuranaladunpi.

china chapun (Qu., china, 'female'; chapun,

'hairy') [F296]
Use unknown (T.L.).

LIVERWORTS (HEPATICAE)

AYTONIACEAE

Plagiochasma rupestre (F. Forster) Stephani

Widely distributed in Europe, Africa, Asia,
Oceania and North and South Amer-
ica.

Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill-
side. Growing with Lunularia cruciata
(D 17 26 A).

maki maki (Qu., maki, 'fist') [D1726B]
Used to treat kidney or waist-area ail-
ments (L.P.). As a remedy for faint-
ing by married women, the whole
plant is boiled for use as a tea or
boiled as an ingredient in chicha (Qu.,
'maize beer') (G.A.).

Plagiochasma sp.

Cuper, 3100 m. On moist bank beneath a

large stone in shade.
maki maki (Qu., maki, 'fist') [K263]
Use unknown (G.P.).

CLEVEACEAE

Athalamia andina (Spruce) Hatt.

Peru and Argentina.
Cuper, 3800 m. On clay soil on earthen walls

in house courtyard.
maki maki (Qu., maki, 'fist') [K209]
Use unknown (G.P.).

LUNULARIACEAE

Lunularia cruciata L.

Europe, North Africa, North America and
in South America from Peru to Chile
and Argentina.

Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill.
Growing with Plagiochasma rupestre
(D1726B).

maki maki (Qu., maki, 'fist') [D1726A]
Used to treat kidney or waist-area ail-
ments (L.P.). As a remedy for faint-
ing by married women, the whole
plant is boiled for use as a tea or
boiled as an ingredient in chicha (Qu.,
'maize beer') (G.A.).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

35

MARCHANTIACEAE

Dumortiera hirsuta (Sw.) Nees

Widely distributed in Europe, Africa, Asia

and North and South America.
Cuper, 3360 m. Over mosses and wet rocks
among trees on steep cliffs by Puqpuq
waterfall.
Name and use not recorded [D1795]

Marchantia sp.

Umasbamba, 3800 m. On wall of irrigation

ditch on pampa north of Lake Piuray.
maki maki (Qu., rnaki, 'fist') [K148, K209J
Use unknown (E.G.). No use reported
(G.P.).

TARGIONIACEAE

Targionia hypophylla L.

Widely distributed in temperate regions; in
South America from Peru to Argen-
tina.

Cuper, 3810m. Growing with mosses in moist
cracks of large eroded rock called Mar-
anqaqa.
Name and use unknown (G.P.) [D1387]

FERNS AND FERN ALLIES

Ferns are broadly grouped by Chinchero people
into four groups: those with pinnately compound
leaves are generically called raki raki (Qu., raki,
'divided'); and those with entire leaves (such as
Polypodium angustifolium) are called qalaywala,
a word of probable Andean origin which is now
used to refer to such ferns in Spain and Guatemala
as well. Less commonly, reference is made to the
resemblance of leaves to the spine and ribs by the
name ayaq waqtan (Qu., 'ribs of the corpse') or
yana waqtan (Qu., 'black ribs'). Several species of
Polypodium are called inca coca, a possible ref-
erence to former use when chewed as a local coca
substitute.

ASPLENIACEAE

Asplenium sp. aff. A. divaricatum Kunze (or pos-
sibly sp. nov.)
Yanacona, 3800 m. Along stream below Inca

ruins.
yana waqta (Qu., yana, 'black'; waqta, 'ribs')

[K141]

Name refers to the black rachis; plant has
no use (G.S.).

Asplenium monanthes L.

Southwestern U.S. to Argentina; Hawaii,

Africa.
Cuper, 3300-3550 m. Fern hanging from

moist rock above waterfall.
raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') [D1482]
Name and use not recorded [D1805J
Plant has no use (G.P.).

Asplenium triphyllum C. Presl
Colombia to Argentina.
Cuper, 3360 m. Pendulous fern on steep, wet,

rocky cliffs by waterfall.
Name and use not recorded [D1791]

DENNSTAEDTIACEAE

Dennstaedtia bipinnata (Cav.) Maxon

Mexico to Panama, Trinidad to Colombia,

south to Bolivia; West Indies.
Cuper, 3330 m. Fern in moist soil of old rocky

field along stream.
Name and use not recorded [D1821]

DRYOPTERIDACEAE

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.

Widely distributed, North and South

America, Old World.

Cuper, 3330-3840 m. Fern hanging from steep
wet rock cliffs and moist bank at Puqpuq
waterfall; forming clumps on large rock;
protected on rock wall of house court-
yard.
raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') (G.P.) [K203,

D1467]
pampa raki raki (Qu., pampa, 'flat place';

raki, 'divided') (G.P.) [K147]
Name not recorded [D1790, D1801]
Use unknown (G.P.).

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. s.l.

Widely distributed, North and South

America, Old World.

Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. Fern on steep bank in

ravine around potato fields along stream.

Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K137]

yana waqta (Qu., yana, 'black'; waqta, 'ribs')

probable name (G.S., S.J.).

Elaphoglossum sp. aff. E. petiolatum (Sw.) Urban

(or possibly sp. nov.)

Community unknown, 3900 m. Fern on clif
faces along trail from community 01
Ch'ussu to Cusco, approximately two
hours walk from Chinchero center.

36

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

qalaywala (Qu., adopted into Sp.) [K215]
Use unknown (T.H.).

Elaphoglossum sp.

Cuper, 3500-3800 m. Fern on hillside.
qalaywala (Qu., adopted into Sp.) [K289]
Use unknown (G.P., C.R.).

Elaphoglossum sp.

Cuper, approx. 3500 m. Fern on moist rocks
on Antakillqa hillside, place called Tas-
akuranaladunpi.
china qalaywala (Qu., china, 'female')

[F292]

Son said to be "worms" (Qu., quru).
Leaves notably thinner than other
species. Use unknown (T.L.).

Elaphoglossum sp.

Cuper, approx. 3500 m. Fern on moist rocks
on Antakillqa hillside, place called Tas-
akuranaladunpi.
pampa qalaywala (Qu.) [F293]

Said never to bear sori, and so to be "nat-
ural" (Sp., natural) at all times (T.L.).
Use unknown (T.L.). T.L. viewed
sori as parasites, and so felt that
bearing sori was an unnatural con-
dition of the leaf.

Elaphoglossum sp.

Cuper, approx. 3500 m. Fern on moist rocks
on Antakillqa hillside, place called Tas-
akuranaladunpi.
urqun qalaywala (Qu., urqun, 'male')

[F294]

Said never to have sori, and so to be "nat-
ural" (Sp., natural) at all times. Use
unknown (T.L.). T.L. viewed sori as
parasites, and so felt that bearing sori
was an unnatural condition of the
leaf.

Polystichum cochleatum (Klotzsch) Hieron.

Colombia to Bolivia.
Taucca, 40504250 m. Fern on steep rocky

slopes.

raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') [D1572]
Used for decoration at Christmas time
(M.H., G.S.).

Polystichum montevidense (Spreng.) Rosenst. var.
nudicaule (Rosenst.) Tryon

Venezuela, Colombia to Bolivia.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Among rocks on steep

slopes.
raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') [D1540]

This plant is a "male" (Sp., macho) va-
riety, of which Polystichum orbicu-
latum (D1541) is the "female" form
(G.S.).

Polystichum orbiculatum (Desv.) Remy & Fee var.
orbiculatum

Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Among rocks on steep

slopes.

raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') [D1541]
This plant is said to be a "female" (Sp.,
hembrd) variety, of which Polysti-
chum montevidense (DJ540) is the
"male" form (G.S.). A tea made from
the root is drunk for the health of
the kidneys (G.P.).

Woodsia montevidensis (Sprengel) Hieron.

Haiti, Colombia to Argentina, Uruguay,
southern Brazil, also in South Africa.
Cuper, 3330-3500 m. Fern on steep wet rocks,
in moist soil along brook in quebrada
below Puqpuq waterfall, and at place
called Tasakuranaladunpi.
urqun raki raki (Qu., urqun, 'male'; raki,

'divided') (T.L.) [F291A]
Name and use not recorded [D1807,

D1815]
raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') probable

name (G.S., S.J.)
Use unknown (T.L.).

POLYPODIACEAE

Campyloneuron amphostenon (Kunze ex Klotzsch)
Fee

Southern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador,
Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia to
Bolivia.
Cuper, 3450 m. In quebrada above Puqpuq

waterfall.

qalaywala (Qu., adopted into Sp.) [D1477]
Used as a tonic (Sp., refrescd) (G.S.).
Boiled to wash the head for headache
(G.S.).

Campyloneuron irregulare Lellinger

Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador,

Peru, Bolivia.
Cuper, 3800 m. Fern transplanted to house

garden.

qalaywala (Qu., adopted into Sp.) [K112]

The fact that A.H. transplanted this fern

to his house garden suggests that he

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

37

considered it useful, although no use
was reported by him, G.S., or T.H.

Pol) podium angustifolium Sw. var. angustifolium
Florida, West Indies, Mexico to South

America.

Cuper, 3450-3810 m. Terrestrial fern from
cracks in rocks on steep hillsides (D1454,
D1649) and transplanted to home gar-
den.
Yanacona, 3800 m. Dry pastured slopes and

rocks (Kl 28).

qalaywala (Qu.. adopted into Sp.) (N.C.,
B.C., T.H., G.P., G.S.) [D1384,
D1454. D1649, K128]
inca coca (Qu.) [DJ384]
Used for tea (G.P.) for desmantu (N.C.,
E.G.). The leaves of Inca coca
(D1384) are chewed, and a tea made
from the leaves is used as a purgative
(G.P.).

Polypodium buchtienii Christ & Rosenst.

Colombia to Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil.
Cuper, 3450-3600 m. Fern on steep slope.
inca coca (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1432, DJ486]
raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') (G.P.)

[D1486]

Used as tea (G.S.). Use unknown (G.P.).
Some informants said that the leaves
of this plant are chewed as a substi-
tute for coca, but others regarded that
as a fable. G.S. and S.J. had both
chewed the plant and said that chew-
ing it makes your mouth go to sleep
(as does coca).

Polypodium crassifolium L.

Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil, West Indies.
Cuper, 3300-3500 m. In cracks of rock cliffs

on steep slope.
qhishwa qalaywala (Qu., qhishwa 'warm

place') (S.J.) [D1751J
qalaywala (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1771]
Sometimes made into a tea for coughs
(S.J.). Use unknown (G.P.).

Polypodium lasiopus Kl. vel aff.

Colombia, Venezuela, Peru.
Cuper, altitude unknown. Antakillqa hillside.
Name and use unknown [F274A]

Polypodium sp. aff. P. poiypodioides (L.) Watt

Mexico to northern South America.
Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. Fern in ravine on steep
bank, around potato fields above stream.

inca coca (Qu.) [K136]
Use unknown (G.S.).

Polypodium pycnocarpon C. Chr.

Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina.
Cuper, altitude unknown. Antakillqa hillside.
Name and use unknown [F274B]

Polypodium sp. (subg. Polypodium)

Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Fern on moist, shady

undersides of rocks on steep hillside.
inca coca (Qu.) [D1658]
Leaves may be chewed like coca, but
without llipta (Qu., 'alkaline admix-
ture for chewing with coca'); tastes
sweet (G.A., N.C., B.C.).

PTERIDACEAE

Adiantum digitatum Presl

Ecuador to Argentina and Brazil.
Cuper, 3330 m. Fern on wet rocks by brook

in quebrada.

Name and use not recorded [D1802]
yanali, yana tullu (Qu., yana, 'black'; tullu,

'stem') probable name (G.S.)
Use unknown (G.S.).

Adiantum raddianum Presl

Throughout tropical America.
Cuper, 3360 m. Fern on steep wet cliffs by

Puqpuq waterfall.

Name and use not recorded [D1789]
yana waqta (Qu., yana, 'black'; waqta, 'ribs')

probable name.
Use unknown (S.J., G.S.).

Cheilanthes incarum Maxon

Peru and northwest Argentina.
Cuper, 3800 m. Terrestrial fern.
aya huqta (Qu., aya, 'corpse') (G.P.)

[D1455]
raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') (G.S.)

[D1455]
Use unknown (G.P., G.S.).

Cheilanthes marginata H.B.K.

Venezuela and Colombia, south to Argen-
tina.

Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Fern forming clumps

from rock cracks on steep slopes, and on

moist rocks on Antakillqa hillside at place

called Tasakuranaladunpi.

raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') (G.P.)

[D1645]

urqun raki raki (Qu., urqun, 'male'; raki,
'divided') (T.L.) [F291B]

38

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

culantro pusu (Qu., from Sp. culantrillo de
pozo, 'coriander of the well') (N.C.,
E.G.) [D1645]

Use unknown (N.C., B.C., T.L., G.P.).
Used to make nativity scenes at
Christmas (G.S., S.J.)-

Cheilanthes pruinata Kaulf.

Peru to Argentina.

Cuper, 3450-3600 m. Fern forming clumps
from cracks in rocks on steep slopes above
Puqpuq waterfall and of Antakillqa hill-
side; on moist rocks on Antakillqa hill-
side, at place called Tasakuranaladunpi.
ayaq waqtan (Qu., ayaq, 'corpse's', waqtan,

'ribs') (G.P.) [D1654]
culantro pusu (Qu., from Sp. culantrillo de
pozo, 'coriander of the well') (N.C.,
E.G.) [D1654]

inca coca (Qu.) (G.A.) [D1654]
raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') (G.P.)

[D1661]
china raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided'; china,

'female') (T.L.) [F290]
puna raki rakicha (Qu., raki, 'divided'; puna,
'high open area'; -cha, 'little') (N.C.,
E.G.) [D1661]

Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1514]
For a drink (D1654) and not useful to
drink (D1661) (N.C., E.G.). To chew
like coca, but without llipta (Qu., 'al-
kaline admixture for chewing with
coca') (G.A.). Use unknown (T.L.,
G.P.).

Notholaena nivea (Poiret) Desv. var. flava Hook.

Colombia to Argentina and Brazil.
Cuper, 3330-3550 m. Fern on steep wet rock

face.

Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1464]
Name and use not recorded [D1809]

Pellaea ovata (Desv.) Weath.

Southern Texas to Costa Rica; Colombia
and Venezuela south to Argentina;
West Indies.
Cuper, 3350-3500 m. Hillside.

Name and use not recorded [D1768]
raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') probable
name (G.S., S.J.)

Pellaea ternifolia (Cav.) Link var. ternifolia

Southwestern United States to Nicaragua;
Colombia and Venezuela to Argentina;
West Indies; Hawaiian Islands.

Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Fern forming dense
clumps in thin soil among rocks on steep
hillside.
inca coca de la puna (Qu., Sp.) (G.P.)

[D1650]

culantro pusu (Qu., from Sp. culantrillo de
pozo, 'coriander of the well') (N.C.,
E.G.) [D1650]

Name and use unknown (G.A.) [D1650]
Used for tea (G.P.). Use unknown (N.C.,
E.G.).

Pteris muricata Hook.

Mexico to Colombia and Peru.
Cuper, 3360 m. Large fern on steep wet rock

cliffs at Puqpuq waterfall.
Name and use not recorded [D1786,

D1787]

raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') probable
name of both specimens (S.J., G.S.)

SALVINIACEAE

Azolla all', filiculoides Lam.

Western United States, Mexico, Guate-
mala, Colombia to Chile.
K'aparay (Ayllu Punqu), 3800 m. Forming
dense mats floating on shallow pools by
Lake Piuray.

Name and use unknown [K267]
G.S. noted that he had never seen this
plant before.

SELAGINELLACEAE

Selaginella peruviana (Milde) Hieron.

Southwestern United States south to Ar-
gentina.
Cuper, 3330 m. Steep wet rock slopes along

brook.
Name and use not recorded [DJ810]

Selaginella sp. (inarticulate group)

Pirqa Kachun, 3600 m. Under a large rock

on side of a small watercourse.
kiru kiru pasto (Qu., kiru, 'tooth'; Sp., pasto,

'forage') [K293]

Plant has no use except as sheep fodder
(C.R.).

Selaginella sp. (inarticulate group)

Cuper, 3450-3550 m. On moist rocks along

stream in quebrada.
Name and use unknown (G.P.) [D1485]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

39

THELYPTERIDACEAE

Thelypteris glandulosolanosa (C. Chr.) Tryon

Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.
Cupcr, 3450-3600 m. Terrestrial fern in wet
creek draw, and along stream in quebrada
above Puqpuq waterfall.
raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') [D1462,

D1483]

Leaves are used in the process of fer-
mentation of sprouted corn (Sp.,
"jora') for maize beer (Sp., 'chicha'),
to line fermentation pit and to cover
sprouting corn (N.C., G.P.). Used for
decoration at Christmas time (G.S.).

Thelypteris nitens (Desv.) Tryon

Ecuador and Peru.
Cuper, 3360-3450 m. On moist wall of

Puqpuq waterfall.

mayupi raki raki (Qu., mayupi, 'in the run-
ning water'; raki, 'divided') (S.J.)
[D1740]
raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') (B.G.)

[D1797]

Name and use not recorded [D1788]
Use unknown (B.C., S.J.).

Thelypteris rufa (Poiret) A. R. Smith

Ecuador to Bolivia.
Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. Fern in moist soil at

edge of stream around potato fields.
raki raki (Qu., raki, 'divided') [K135]
Leaves are used in the process of fer-
mentation of sprouted corn (Sp.,
'jora') for maize beer (Sp., 'c/z/c/za'),
to line fermentation pit and to cover
sprouting corn (G.S.).

hemisphere tropics of Old and New
World.
Cuper, 3300 m. In Hatun Wayq'u quebrada,

place called Kiqtuyuq.
winay wayna-china (Qu., china, 'female')

[F280]

Plant said to be female ofF281. Use un-
known.

Lycopodium clavatum L. ssp. contiguum (Klotzsch)
011gard

Andean South America.
Cuper, 3300 m. Creeping herb among ichus
(Qu., 'high-altitude grasses') on steep dry
slopes of Antakillqa hill, in quebrada
called Hatun Wayq'u.
winay wayna-china (Qu., china, 'female')

[F285]

Plant is said never to flower. Only use is
in making Christmas scenes.

Lycopodium crassum Willd. vel afF.

Southern Mexico to Panama, Andean South

America south to Peru.
Cuper, 3300 m. In Hatun Wayq'u quebrada,

place called Kiqtuyuq.
winay wayna-urqu (Qu., urqu, 'male')

[F281]

Plant said to be "male" of F280. Use
unknown.

Lycopodium sp. aff. L. hartwegianum Spring

Southern Mexico to Costa Rica; Andes from

Venezuela to Peru.
Cuper, 3330 m. Herb hanging from steep wet

rocks by brook.
Name and use not recorded [D1803]

EQUISETACEAE

Equisetum bogotense H.B.K.

Venezuela to Peru.
Cuper. 3450-3550 m. In wet soil along creek

in quebrada above waterfall.
cola de cabalto (Sp., 'horsetail') [D1478,

D1814]

The entire plant is made into a tea for
waist-area ache (G.P.). The fresh
plant is sold in the Chinchero Sun-
day market.

LYCOPODIACEAE

Lycopodium clavatum L.

Temperate and boreal regions of northern

GYMNOSPERMS

EPHEDRACEAE

Ephedra americana Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

Ecuador to Argentina.
Cuper, 3700 m. Shrub on cliff.
pinku pinku (Qu.) (N.C., G.S.) [D141T\
naranja naranja (Qu. from Sp., naranja,

'orange') (N.C., G.S.) [D1417]
Latter name refers to the plant's small
orange fruits (G.S.). Drunk as a tonic
(Sp., refresco) and as a tea, possibly
to help the kidneys (N.C.).

Ephedra rupestris Benth.

Cuper, 4000 m. Among moss on rock on An-

40

FIELDIANA: BOT>

takillqa hillside at place called Unu Ur-
phuyuq.

pampa pinku pinku (Qu., pampa, 'low-
growing') [F305]

Used to make a tea to treat lung problems
(T.L.).

ANGIOSPERMS

AMARANTHACEAE

Alternanthera caracasana H.B.K.

Mexico, West Indies, Colombia, and Ven-
ezuela south to Bolivia.
Plaza of Chinchero, 3810 m. Low spreading

herb among packed grasses.
kipalvu (Qu.?) [F261]
Taken in tea at childbirth; tea made from
unwashed herb with dirt adhering to
roots (S.J., G.S.). Plant can also be
used to treat 'fright' (Sp., susto) or
falls if they cause problems (S.J.,
G.S.).

Gomphrena elegans C. Martius

Peru and Bolivia.

Cuper, 3370 m. Herb on steep brushy hillside.
payqu(Qu.) [D1734]

Common herb used as condiment in
cooking (S.J.).

Iresine celosia L.

Widespread tropical American weed.
Cuper, 3450 m. Herb below waterfall.
payqu (Qu.) (G.A., G.S.) [D1737]
Name and use unknown (S.J.) [D1737]
Used as condiment in cooking (G.S.).
Leaves taken in tea for upset stom-
ach (Sp., calicos) (G.S.).

AMARYLLIDACEAE

Agave americana L.

Native to Mexico; widely cultivated.
Along trails throughout Chinchero except at

higher altitudes.
paqpa (Qu.) not collected

Plant is encouraged for its function as a
fence.

Alstroemeria pygmaea Herbert

Southern Peru, Bolivia, Patagonia.
Cuper, 4500 m. Herb on hilltop in puna.

Name and use not recorded [D1717]
phalcha (Qu.) possible name

(G.A.) [D1717]
Resembles puya puya (Qu.) (S.J., G.S.).

Bomarea andimarcana (Herbert) Baker

Peru.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb on rocky slopes

(D1534A).
Cuper, 3750 m. Erect herb on lands belonging

to San Juan below ruins (F264).
ramos ramos (Qu., from Sp. ramo , 'bou-
quet') (L.H.) [D1534A, F264]
varilla varilla (Qu., from Sp. varilla, 'little

rod') (G.S.) [D1534A]
Use unknown (L.H.). Sweet stems of erect
variety are chewed like cafia (Sp.,
sugar cane) or corn stalks by shep-
herds, after stripping off the leaves
(G.S., S.J.). Young children compete
to find them (G.S.).

Bomarea dulcis (Hook.) Beauv.

Peru and Bolivia.

Taucca, 4000-4200 m. Herb on cliffs.
ramos ramos (Qu., from Sp. ramo , 'bou-
quet') (G.S.) [K191, D1534B]
ramos de la quebrada (Sp., "ramos from the

canyon') (T.H.) [K191]
Sweet stem is eaten (T.H.). Use unknown
(G.S.).

Bomarea dulcis (Hook.) Beauv. vel sp. aff.

Cuper, 3750 m. In large pockets of rich earth

in rock outcrop above Chinkana.
Name unknown [F349B]
Tubers not edible (G.S.).

Bomarea ovata (Cav.) Mirbel

Peru and adjacent parts of Bolivia.
Cuper, approx. 3500 m. Antakillqa hillside,

place called Tasakurana.
ramos ramos (Qu., from Sp. ramo, 'bou-
quet') [F268A, F268B]
Edible fruits; kids eat and play with them.

Bomarea sp.

Ayllu Punqu, 3700 m. Herb on rock outcrop.
Cuper, 3810 m. Herb on grazed hillside.
ramos ramos (Qu. from Sp., ramo , 'bou-
quet') [D1374, D1448]
Plant has no use (G.P.). Shepherd chil-
dren eat the sweet stem of this plant
(as they also eat cornstalks) (G.S.).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

41

Hypoxis decumbens L.

Widely distributed in tropical America.
Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m.
Yanacona, 3750 m. Place called Q'allas.
khuchi khuchi (Qu., khuchi . 'pig') [Kl 30,

F256]

Children play games with black tuberous
roots, pretending the roots to be little
pigs (T.H.). Use unknown (G.S.).
Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Herb on dry, rocky pas-
tured slopes.

Name unknown (N.C., B.C.) [D1652]
nchit kaspa qhuracha (Qu., qhura, 'herb')

(B.G.) possible name [D1652]
Use unknown (N.C., B.G.).

Stenomesson incarnatum (H.B.K..) Bak.

Peru, Ecuador.

Cuper, 38 10 m. Herb cultivated in house gar-
den.
chiwanway (Qu.) [K104]

Flowers used in bouquets and table dec-
orations (G.S.). Sold in Chinchero
Sunday market.

Stenomesson recurvatum (Ruiz & Pavon) Baker

Peruvian Andes.

Yanacona, 38 10 m. Herb transplanted to gar-
den.

chiwanway (Qu.) [K113]
Grown as decorative plant. Flowers are
collected and worn on hats. Also
called qhilla t'ika (Qu., qhilla, 'lazy';
t'ika, 'flower') because it doesn't
flower in the rainy season as most
plants do, but rather only in the dry
season (S.J., G.S.).

ANACARDIACEAE

Schinus molle L.

Ecuador to Chile, also widely cultivated.
Urquillos, 3100 m. Tree along trail.
molle (Sp.) [K'320]

Fruits used as peppery condiment in
cooking (uncommonly in Chinch-
ero) (U.I.). Wood used as firewood.

ambar ambar (Qu., from Sp. ambar, 'am-
ber') (N.C., G.S.) [D1458, F270]

cabra cobra (Qu. from Sp., cobra, 'goat')

alternate name (N.C.) [D1458]
Leaves and stems are boiled; the decoc-
tion is used to bathe the head as a
remedy for headache and fever
caused by 'wind in the head' (N.C.).
A "cool" (Sp., fresco) plant, which is
boiled in the evening, then used to
wash the head the following morning
to treat ailments such as sirenasqa
(Qu. from Sp., 'contamination by a
siren spirit') (G.S.). Used to bathe
children against damage caused by
fright (Sp., 'sustcf), and to reduce
tonsil inflammation (G.S.). B.G.
boiled the plant, squeezed the juice
and used it to wash her hair as an
anti-dandruff agent (S.J., G.S.).

Metastelma sp.

Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Herb on lightly grazed

slopes.

pimpinilla (Qu.. from Sp., pimpinela, 'bur-
net') suggested name (G.S.) [D1512]
p'isqu sisaq (Qu., p'isqu , 'five') suggested

name (B.G.) [D1512]
Use unknown (E.G., G.S.). Steeped as tea
drunk to treat stomachache (Qu.,
sunqu nanay) (S.J., G.S.).

Sarcostemma lysimachioides (Wedd.) R. Holm

Central and Southern Peru.
Yanacona, 3750 m. Creeping herb on ground
on hillside near Pirqa Kachun at place
called Q'allas.

waka waka (Qu., from Sp. vaca,
'cow') [F254]

Sarcostemma solanoides (H.B.K.) Decne.

Peru, Bolivia, and Chile.
Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Herb on lightly grazed

slopes.

ambar ambar (Qu., from Sp. ambar, 'am-
ber') [D1495]
Use unknown (G.S.).

ASCLEPIADACEAE

Cynanchum tarmense Schltr.

Peru.

Cuper, 3600 m. Vine on steep slopes and along
trail above quebrada at place called
Chaqchakillay.

BASELLACEAE

Boussingaultia diffusa (Moq.) Hauman

[Anredera diffusa (Moq.) Sperling, comb. nov.
ined.]

Colombia to Peru.
Cuper, 3 1 50 m. Vining herb on steep slope.

42

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Name and use unknown (B.G., Am.Q.,

P.P., G.S.) [K243]
Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3330 m. Vining herb on

dry hillside.
Name and use unknown [K305]

Similar to lisas (Qu., Ullucus tuberosus)
and also to willq'u (Qu., 'vine'; refers
in Chinchero to at least seven vining
species), a name heard in Urquillos
(Am.Q., G.S.). Not willq'u (P.P.,
E.G., Am.Q., G.S.).

Boussingaultia sp. all", diffusa (Moq.) Volkens
[Anredera diffusa (Moq.) Sperling, comb. nov.
ined.]

Peruvian Andes.

Cuper, 3810 m. Vine transplanted from wild
habitat and cultivated on stone wall in
house courtyard.

verguylawas (Qu. from Sp., verdolaga,
'purslane,' Portulaca oleracea
L.) [K202]

Plant is ground and made into a poultice,
which is applied to the cheek with a
piece of white paper to treat tooth-
ache (L.P.). Owner's grandfather
transplanted the plant to this yard
many years ago because it was con-
sidered such a useful plant (L.P.).

Ullucus tuberosus Caldas (fig. 1 9)

Southern Venezuela to northern Argentina.
Native to the Andes, domesticated
from wild species.

Pukamarka, 3800 m. Herbs cultivated for edi-
ble tuber by Jo.C. in his fields at edge of
Lake Piuray.
zanahoria lisas (Sp., zanahoria, 'carrot')

(Jo.C.) [K156]
qhillu chuqcha n^us (Qu., qhillu, 'yellow';

chuqcha, 'hair') [K156]
Tubers yellow (Jo.C.). Stems reddish.
papas lisas (Sp.) [K157]

Tubers round and white with red spots
(Jo.C.). Papas lisas include arequipa
lisas and puka papan lisas,
arequipa lisas (Sp., Arequipa is a Peruvian

city) [AT7 58]
Tubers round and yellow, like oranges,

though smaller (Jo.C.).
Taucca, 3900 m. Herb cultivated for edible

tuber.

arequipa lisas (Sp., Arequipa is a Peruvian
city) [K237]

This variety was said to have been grown
in the Chinchero area for only three
to four years and was originally pur-
chased in the Cusco market (U.I.).
phantasma lisas (local Sp., fantasma,

'ghost') (U.I.) [K235]
Tubers roundish and yellow-orange with

red dots.

tiqtiharo lisas (Qu.) (U.I.) [K236]
Tubers long and white with pink-red

blotches and dots.
yuraq lisas (Qu., yuraq, 'white') (U.I.)

[K234]
Tubers long, curved, and white with a few

small pink blotches.
zanahoria lisas (Sp., zanahoria, 'carrot')

(U.I.) [K233]
Tubers rounded, oblong, orange-yellow

when mature.
puka papan lisas (Qu., puka, 'red'; papan,

'potato') not collected
Said to be very large tubers cultivated on
Antakillqa hill.

G.S. and S.J. pointed out the distinction that
the stems of tiqtiharo lisas (K157 and K236) are
long and thin, while those of papas lisas are shorter
and fatter. They added that tubers can grow round
like a cabbage, or can grow to be six inches long,
but the leaves are not resistant to frost and other
attacks. K234 is a kind of tiqtiharo, although M.L.
calls them yuraq (Qu., 'white').

The name lisa, or papa lisa, is from the Spanish,
liso, 'smooth', a reference to the slippery texture
of the cooked vegetable. People in Chinchero rec-
ognize the Quechua word ulluqu in reference to
this crop, but do not use it except in occasional
reference to wild varieties. They judge that lisa is
a Quechua word and ulluqu is Spanish, whereas
linguists judge the reverse to be true.

All lisas are planted in September, harvested in
May-June (Jo.C.). With one exception, all varieties
are traditional local cultivars; that is, although seed
tubers may be bought in other parts of Peru, no-
tably Paucartambo. Chinchero people never get
seed of 'improved varieties' from the Ministry of
Agriculture (Jo.C.). Llinlli (freeze-dried tubers) can
be made from any variety (Jo.C.). The only fertilizer
used is domestic animal manure (Sp., guano de
corral) (Jo.C.). Lisas are subject to no diseases ex-
cept wet rot (Qu., 'kiyuqk'a') (Jo.C.). Arequipa lisas,
the only recently introduced cultivar, are said to
be particularly affected by kiyuqk'a (alternately

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

43

FIG. 19. Woman displays lisas (Ullucus tuberosus) for sale or barter in Chinchero Sunday market. She has graded
them according to size and variety in order to meet buyers' functional and aesthetic preferences (photo C.S.).

kipqi) which causes the plants to turn black and
die after growing for only four months.

Although we heard rumors in Chinchero that
people were breeding lisas, these were unsubstan-
tiated. The existence of seeds following the flowers
of Arequipa lisas, first pointed out to us by L.H.,
confirmed the potential for more complex selec-
tion activity. The collection includes all Ullucus
cultivars known to residents in 1982, and all va-
rieties but one (Arequipa lisas) are traditional (Sp.,
antiguo) landraces.

Cuper, 3000-3900 m. Feral vines on rocky

scree slopes of Antakillqa hillside.
atuq lisa (Qu., atuq, 'fox'; lisa, Ullucus)

(G.P.) [D1775]
atuq ulluqu (Qu., atuq, 'fox')

(L.P.) [DJ681]
Name unknown (G.P.) [K211]
These varieties are not cultivated and
have no use (G.P., L.P.). These ex-
amples are similar in appearance to
q'illu lisas (Qu., q'illu, 'yellow') which

44

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

are no longer planted because they
do not produce tubers (S.J., G.S.).
Ayllu Punqu, 38 10 m. Viningon wall of house

courtyard.
atuq lisas (Qu., atuq, 'fox'; lisa, Ullu-

cus) [F321]
atuq ulluqus (Qu., atuq, 'fox'; ulluqus, Ul-

lucus) [F321]

Forms tubers up to 2 cm long that are
not edible (S.J., G.S.). A cool (Sp.,
fresco) plant (S.J., G.S.). Ground to
make a poultice for aches of teeth,
tonsils (S.J., G.S.).

BEGONIACEAE

Begonia clarkei Hook. f.

Andes of southern Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 3600 m. Herb on steep slope.
achanqharas (Qu.) (AC, N.C., S.J.,

G.S.) [D1443]

While pasturing, children peel and eat
epidermis of leaves (as they do
strawberries) (N.C.). Flowers used for
decoration; roots possibly used for
remedy (G.S.). As children, we
squeezed the juice of this plant and
mixed it with that of trago trago, to
make ourselves drunk (S.J., G.S.).
The whole plant is squeezed with chili
chili (Qu., Geranium and other spp.)
and given to babies with fever, when
their tongues turn white (S.J.). Flow-
ers can be pink, red, or white (S.J.,
G.S.).

BERBERIDACEAE

Berberis boliviana Lechler

Southern Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 3600 m. Woody shrub on steep grazed

hillside.

qhishwa ch'iqchi (Qu., qhishwa, 'warm
place'; ch 'iqchi, 'colors combined with
spots') [D1730]

Spiny shrub encouraged to grow in living
fences (G.S.). Stems are made into
spindles and are used for firewood
(S.J.).

Berberis cliffortioides Diels

Central and southern Peru.
Cuper, 3810 m. Shrub along trail.
chiqchi (Qu., 'colors combined with
spots') [D1356]

Consumed as a tea to treat measles, es-
carlatina (Sp., 'scarlet fever') (G.P.).
Used to treat illnesses of children
(L.H.). Root provides a yellow dye
(T.H.). This variety, chiqchi, which
is from Chinchero center, is distin-
guished by its long spines from
qhishwa chiqchi (S.J., G.S.). Fruits
are eaten, as are those of mullaka;
they dye the tongue purple (S.J.,
G.S.). Dye experiments with this
plant got no results (S.J., G.S.).

Berberis saxicola Lechler

Southern Peru.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Shrub on steep rocky

slope.

upa ch'iqchi (Qu., upa, 'deaf mute,' or in
this instance, 'thornless'; ch'iqchi,
'colors combined with spots') [D1560]
qhishwa ch'iqchi (Qu., qhishwa, 'warm
place'; ch 'iqchi, 'colors combined with
spots') alternate name [D1560]
Used to make living fences (G.S.). Qhish-
wa ch'iqchi (D1560 and D1730) is
distinguished by its larger leaves and
shorter spines from chiqchi (S.J.,
G.S.).

BIGNONIACEAE

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex H.B.K.

Florida to Mexico, south to Argentina.
Cuper, 3300-3450 m. Woody shrub along
brook (D1754) and along trail (D1758).
waranway (Qu.) [Dl 754, D1758]
Name and use unknown (S.J.) [D1754]
Wood used to make potato hooks (En-
glish, 'tools for harvesting potatoes')
and foot plows (Qu., chakitaqllas)
(G.P., G.S.).

BORAGINACEAE

Allocarya humilis (Ruiz & Pavon) E. Greene

Peru and Bolivia.
Taucca, 4000-4250 m. Spreading herb on

steep, rocky, grazed slopes.
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1525,
K182]

Amsinckia hispida (Ruiz & Pavon) I. M. Johnston

Ecuador to Chile and Argentina.
Cuper, 3810 m. Along trail.
Name unknown (G.P.) [D1369]
ambrosacha qhura (Qu., from Sp. ambro-

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

45

sia; Qu., qhura, 'herb') possible name
(G.P.) [D1369]
Plant has no use (G.P.).

Hackelia revoluta (Ruiz & Pavon) I.M. Johnston

Peru to Argentina through the Andes.
Cuper, 3100-3600 m. Herb on steep rocky

slopes and on banks of brook.
Name and use unknown (N.C., E.G.,
Am.Q., P.P., G.S.) [D1671, D1816,
K258]

Similar to supay kayqu (Qu., locally Ni-
cotiana glauca); not drunk (B.G.).

Heliotropium incanum Ruiz & Pavon

Peruvian Andes.
Cuper, 3 1 00-3 1 50 m. Herb on somewhat dry

slope with large rocks.
Name and use unknown (B.G., Am.Q., P.P.,

G.S.) [#256]

Leaves similar to those of nuqchu (Qu.,
Salvia spp.) (E.G., Am.Q., G.S.).

Lithospermum peruvianum A. DC.

Ecuador to southern Peru.
Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb in dry, hard-packed

soil on pastured rocky slopes.
purun perejil (Qu., purun, 'fallow'; Sp., pe-

rejil, 'parsley') (B.G.) [K131]
Name unknown (T.H., Am.Q., P.P., G.S.)

[K131]

Use unknown (E.G., T.H., Am.Q., P.P.,
G.S.).

BROMELIACEAE

Puya ferruginea (Ruiz & Pavon) L. B. Smith

Ecuador to Bolivia, 1800-3800 m.
Cuper, 3350-3550 m. Terrestrial bromeliad
among rocks on steep slope in quebrada
and on Antakillqa hillside.
achupaylla (Qu.) (G.P., G.S.) [D1488,

D1774]

Leaves gathered for guinea pig fodder
(G.S.).

Puya weberbaueri Mez

Southern Peru and northwestern Bolivia,

2800-4000 m.
Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Bromeliad on steep

rocky slopes of Antakillqa hillside.
awarunkhu (Qu.) (G.A., N.C., E.G.,

G.S.) [D1647]

Collected for cattle feed and guinea pig
fodder (G.A.). Llipta (Qu.. 'alkaline
admixture for coca chewing') is made
from the dried flowers of this plant

(Qu., tainu), which are burned to
ashes with isphinhuy (Qu.) on hill-
sides by shepherds (G.S.).

Tillandsia capillaris Ruiz & Pavon

Peru to Argentina.
Yanacona, 3810 m. On face of rock.
qaqa sunkha (Qu., qaqa, 'rock'; sunkha,

'beard') (G.S.) [D1399]
fosforo fosforo (Qu., from Sp., fosforo,
'match') (N.C.) childhood name
[D1399]

Name unknown (Al.Q.) [DJ399]
Use unknown (N.C., G.S.). Similar to sal-
vahina (Qu.), used to treat cough
(Al.Q.).

Tillandsia nana Baker

Peru and Bolivia, 2900-3500 m.
Cuper, 3300-3500 m. Hanging on rock faces

on Antakillqa hillside.
urqu winay wayna (Qu., orqo , 'hill'? 'male'?;
winay, 'to live'; wayna, 'youth') (G.P.)
[D1772]

Name unknown (G.P.) [K2IO]
Use unknown (G.P.).

Tillandsia oroyensis Mez

Southern Ecuador to Peru, 800-3400 m.
Cuper, 3300-3450 m. On rock face along

brook in quebrada.
wayq'untuy (Qu.) [D1752]
Similar to awarankhu (Qu., Puya weber-
baueri); water that accumulates in
plant is drunk for thirst (S.J.).

Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L.

Southernmost United States to Argentina.
Cuper, 3100-3150 m. On tree.
qaqa sunkha (Qu., qaqa, 'rock'; sunkha,

'beard') (Am.Q., P.P., G.S.) [K238]
salvia del cerro (Sp., 'sage of the hill') (T.H.)

alternate name [K238]
Name and use unknown (B.G., G.P.)

[K238]

Useful only as decoration (P.P.). Use un-
known (T.H.).

Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.

Southern United States to Central Argen-
tina and Chile.

Cuper, 3350-3500 m. On rock face, on An-
takillqa hillside (D1769) and above
Puqpuq waterfall (D1742).
salvahina (Qu., from Sp. salvia, Qu. -hina,

'-like') (G.S.) [D1742]
salwahi (Qu.) (B.G.) [D1769]

46

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

wihuhu (Qu. from Sp., bejuco, 'vine')

(G.P.) [D1769]

Gathered at Christmas for use in Nativity
scenes to make a bed for the Christ
figure (G.S.). Sold in streets in Cusco
at Christmas. Placed in nests in
chicken houses as nesting material
(B.G.). Use unknown (G.P.).

CACTACEAE

Erdisia aff. erecta Backeb.

Southern Peru.
Cuper, 3450-3700 m. Cactus along trail and

on lightly grazed slopes.
ana panqu (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1425]
khishqa (Qu., 'plant with spines')

(G.P.) [D1493]
huwisk'i (Qu.) alternate name

(G.S.) [D1493, D1425]
Use unknown (G.P., G.S.). One inform-
ant reported, perhaps jokingly, that
the juice of the fruit of this plant was
an intoxicant (G.S.).

Lobivia aff. backebergii (Werderm.) Backeb. spp.
hertrichiana (Backeb.) Rausch ex G. Rowley

Southeastern Peru.

Taucca, 4050 m. On adobe wall by house.
ana panqu (Qu.) [D1590]
Use unknown (G.S.).

Opuntia aff. floccosa Salm-Dyck or O. lagopus

Schumann

Both species in the high Andes from central

Peru to central Bolivia.
Cuper, 4500 m. Cactus forming low mats on

hilltop.

ruq'a (Qu.) (G.A., L.P.) [D1699, D1700]
q'ara ruq'a (Qu., q'ara, 'skin')

(B.C.) [D1699]

inka ruq'a (Qu.) (B.C.) [D1700]
Used as poultice for toothache (G.A.).
Inka ruq'a is useful with egg and tra-
go (Sp., 'cane alcohol') to externally
bathe upset stomachs (B.G.). Q'ara
ruq'a was said by B.G. to have no
use, as were both varieties by L.P.
B.G. distinguished the varieties by
the smooth, hairless form of q'ara
ruq'a.

Opuntia aff. subulata (Muehlenpf.) Engelm.

Origin uncertain, perhaps Argentina. Widely

cultivated.
Cuper, 3600-3800 m. Grown in hedgerows

and on Antakillqa hillside at place called

Tanqar Qhasa.
k'aqlla (Qu.) [D1459, F317]

Use unknown (G.S.). Plants had been
moved to form a fence around a field.
The fruits of this cool (Sp., fresco)
plant are edible; interior of fruits and
leaves are ground to make a poultice
for toothaches or tonsils (S.J.). Spines
used as tooth- and earpicks (S.J.,
G.S.).

Genus indet.

Cuper, altitude unknown. Scattered on steep
slope of Antakillqa hillside, place called
Ch'ampatakana.
ana panqu (Qu.) [F318]

Fruits edible and said to be very sweet
(U.I.).

Genus indet.; probably Opuntia

Ayllu Punqu, 38 1 m. On wall of house court-
yard; said to have been transplanted 40
or 50 years ago.
ana panqu (Qu.) [F319]
Fruits edible (U.I.)-

CALYCERACEAE

Acicarpha procumbens Less.

Southern Peru, Brazil, Argentina.
Ch'usu, 3800 m. Herb along trail.
estrella khishqa (Sp., estrella, 'star'; Qu.,

khishqa, 'spiny plant') [K274]
Plant is made into a tea for altitude sick-
ness (G.P.).

Moschopsis sp.

Cuper Alto, 4650 m. Above place called Mar-

garitayuq. Herb in red sand on rock.
lluthu lluthu (Qu.) possible name [F316]
Name and use unknown [F316]

CAMPANULACEAE

Lobelia tenera H.B.K..

In the Andes from Venezuela to southern

Peru.

Cuper, 3500-3800 m. Small herb on grassy
slope of Antakillqa hillside (K286); among
ichus in moist soil (F354) at Simp'il; herb
between stones in Inca wall in Inca ruins
below Chinchero plaza (F356).
violetas (Sp.) (C.R.) [K286]
puna violetas (Qu., puna, 'high area'; Sp.)
(P.P.) [K286]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

47

maransiras (Qu.) possible name CANNACEAE

(C.R.) [K286]
pavitos (Qu.) (B.C.) [K286]
Name unknown (Am.Q.) [K286]
Name and use unknown [F354, F356]
Used to make a tea for coughs (Am.Q.,
C.R., P.P.). Use unknown (B.G.).

Lysipomia laciniata A. DC. var. laciniata

Southern Peru and Bolivia.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb among mossy
rocks on steep slopes above community.
pampa haminqay (Qu., pampa, 'flat open

place') [D1548]
Name unknown (G.S.) [D1548]
Use unknown (L.H., G.S.).

Lysipomia laciniata A. DC. var. vulgaris (Wedd.)
E. Wimm.

Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 4500 m. Herb on summit of Anta-

killqa hill.

sutuma (Qu.) [D1710]
This variety of sutuma is said to be fe-
male (Sp., hembra) (L.P.). A tea is
made from the whole plant for the
kidneys (G.A., L.P.).

Siphocampylus tupaeformis A. Zahlbr.

Southern Peru and Bolivia.
Pirqa Kachun, 3620 m. Herb in fallow field.
lakre (Qu. from Sp., lacre, 'red') (P.P.)
[K317]
colondrina (Sp.?) (P.P.) alternate name

[K317J
velapi nuqchu (Qu. velapi, 'orange')

(C.R.) [K317]
saqraq nuqchu (Qu., saqraq, 'devil's')

(Am.Q., G.S.) [K317]
china china (Qu.) (Am.Q., G.S.) possible

name [K317J

Used for decoration (C.R.), and as a tea
for intestinal blockage (Sp., colicd)
(P.P.). Use unknown (Am.Q., G.S.).

Wahlenbergia peruviana A. Gray

Peru and Bolivia.

Taucca, 4000-4280 m. In gravelly soil on ex-
posed slopes.

Name and use unknown (O.H.) [K225]
taruqa nunu (Qu., taruqa, 'deer'; nunu,

'breast') (B.C.) [K225]
Has sweet milk , but no known use (B.G.).

Canna indica L.

Native to South America. Widely cultivat-
ed in the tropics.
Cuper, 3200 m. Cultivated in small open field

in warm quebrada.
achira(Qu.) [K212]
Cultivated experimentally for edible un-
derground portions (G.P.). L.P.
planted achira in his low, warm corn
field as an experiment to determine
whether or not he could make it grow
in Chinchero. His interest in plant-
ing a wide range of cultigens was
challenged by this crop which is con-
sidered impossible to grow at such a
high altitude. Ultimately, he decided
that while not impossible, it was not
worth the effort.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Sambucus peruviana H.B.K.

Peru to Argentina, Central America.
Cuper, 3810 m. Tree along trail.
sauk'u (Qu.) (G.P., G.S.) [D1342]

Leaves are mixed with leaves of markhu
(Ambrosia artemisioides) in a pot and
toasted (heated without water); the
juice that gathers on the bottom of
the pot is rubbed on the belly to treat
stomachache (G.P.).

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Arenaria aff. digyna Schldl.

Southern Peru, Chile to Bolivia, Mexico.
Yanacona, 3800 m. Low herb in hard packed

soil on rocky slope.

p'isqu sisan (Qu., p'isqu, 'five') [K132]
Use unknown (G.S.). Fodder (T.H.).

Arenaria lanuginosa (Michaux) Rohrb.

Southeastern United States south to Boliv-
ia.
Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Herb above waterfall

on rocky slopes.
p'isqu sisaq (Qu., p'isqu, 'five') [DJ475,

F272A]

Plant is given as a tea to women who
menstruate at the wrong time in or-
der to make them regular (G.S.).

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Yanacona, 3810 m. Herb on rock outcrop.
Name and use unknown (G.S.,

N.C.) [D1401]

N.C. recalled that her mother had rec-
ommended this plant to her as some-
thing to give to your children so that
they are less hungry.

Cerastium tucumanense Pax

Southern Peru to Chile and Argentina.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb on steep rocky

slopes.
p'isqu sisan (Qu., p'isqu, 'five') (L.H.)

[D1556]

Use unknown (L.H.). Probably noipisq'u
sisaq (G.S.).

Dianthus barbatus L.

Native from the Pyrenees to the Balkan
peninsula, naturalized in China and
North America. Widely cultivated
elsewhere.

Cuper, 3810 m. Cultivated in house garden.
clavel (Sp., 'carnation') [Kill]

Flower used as table decoration (T.H.,
G.S.).

Paronychia chilensis DC.

Mexico to Chile.
Cuper, 3810m. In cracks of large rock outcrop

called Maranqaqa in Inca ruins.
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1391]

Paronychia mandoniana Rohrb.

High Andes of Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 4500 m. On summit of Antakillqa hill.
p'isqu sillum (Qu., p'isqu, 'five'; sillum, 'fin-
gernail') [D1718]
Use unknown; in August, this plant has

sharp bristles (G.A.).

Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1544]

Silene chilensis (Naudin) Bocq.

Peru and Chile.
Yanacona, 3800 m. Plant on rocks and dry

pastured slopes.
Name and use unknown (B.G., Am.Q., P.P.,

G.S.) [KJ25]

Similar to phalcha (Qu.) (Am.Q., G.S.).
Similar to verbena (Sp.) (B.G.).

Silene mandonii (Rohrb.) Bocq.

High Andes of Peru and Bolivia.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb on steep rocky
slopes.

Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1542]
yawarch 'unqa (Qu., yawar, 'blood'; ch 'unqa,

'suck') [D1542]

Leaves are used as a poultice on blows
and wounds, especially on the hands
(E.G.).

CHENOPODIACEAE

Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Widely distributed tropical American weed.
Naturalized in Europe and North
America.
Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb near building in

town.
payqu (Qu.) [D1674]

Ubiquitous weed is used as a condiment
(Qu., asnapa) in cooking (G.A.,
G.S.).
Cuper, 3370 m. Erect herb growing along trail

on steep hillside grazed by sheep.
qhishwa pi mpi nil/a (Qu., qhishwa, 'warm
place'; from Sp., pimpinela , 'burnet,'
Sanguisorba minor) [D 17 34 A]
Abundant weed from the canyon; the
whole plant is used to make a tea to
treat stomachaches (S.J., L.P., G.S.).

Chenopodium incisum Poiret

Southwestern United States, Mexico, Peru

to Argentina.
Chinchero. Fresh specimen purchased in

Chinchero Sunday market.
anka payqu (Qu.) [K31 1]
Vendor recommended the use of this
plant as tea for stomachache.

Chenopodium quinoa Willd.

Colombia to Chile and Argentina.
Pukamarka, 3800 m. Cultivated in fields bor-
dering Lake Piuray.
quinua (Qu.) [K161, K163]
ruyaq quinua (Qu., ruyaq, 'white') [K163]
Both plants were being cultivated by Jose
Cusihuaman. K161 was reddish in
color.

The achenes of Chenopodium quinoa (Qu., qinu-
wa) contain saponins; these are washed out of the
"grain" by repeated rinsing before cooking. Al-
though both "white" (Qu., ruyaq) and "red" (Qu.,
puka) varieties are grown in Chinchero, they are
not seen as having marked differences other than
color of flowers and leaves. The leaves of both
Chenopodium quinoa and Chenopodium quinoa

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

49

FIG. 20. Woman washing quinua (Chenopodium quinod) grains (photo W.D.).

ssp. milleanum were said to be eaten as greens,
for example in the dish called llullu hawch'a, con-
sisting of potatoes, onions, and more commonly,
mustard greens (Brassica campestris) (fig. 20).

Chenopodium quinoa Willd. ssp. milleanum (Ael-
len) Aellen

Ecuador to Chile.
Cuper. 3840 m. Herb on open rock outcrop

called Antasakha.

khuytu (Qu., possibly phuytu) [K146]
k'ita quinua (Qu., k'ita. 'feral') [K146]

Cooked like llullu (Brassica sp. and other
greens) in hawcha (Qu., a meal of
potatoes, greens and onions) (G.P.).
The word qinuwa can vary to kiyu-
na.

COLUMELLIACEAE

Columellia obovata Ruiz & Pavon

Peruvian Andes.
Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Shrub on hillside.

50

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

FIG. 21. G.P. assembles stalks of huamanpito (Columellia obovata) for use in basket-making (photo cere).

wamanpito (Qu., warnan, 'eagle')

(L.P.) [D1685]
p'ispita (Qu.) (B.C.) [D1685]

Stems used as material for making bas-
kets (E.G., L.P.) (figs. 21-22).

COMMELINACEAE

Commelina tuberosa L.

Mexico; Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 3350-3500 m. On open hillside.
sara sara (Qu., sara, 'maize') [D1773]
Plant has no use except as sheep fodder
(B.G.). Leaves have superficial re-
semblance to maize seedlings.

COMPOSITAE

Ambrosia artemisioides Miller

Colombia to Bolivia.
Cuper, 3300-3810 m. Herb on floor of que-

brada and in field along trail.
markhu (Qu.) [D1764, D1343]
Leaves are heated in a pot and then

rubbed on stomach for stomach pain
(G.P.).

Aphanactis villosa Blake

Central and southern Peru.
Taucca, 4000-4280 m. On steep rocky slopes.
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1533]
coca coca (Qu.) [K224]
Use unknown (O.H.).

Aristeguietia (Eupatorium) discolor (DC.) R. King
& H. Robinson

Ecuador and Peru.
Cuper, 3450-3700 m. In quebrada and along

trail on hillside.

isphinhuy (Qu.) [D1452, D1473]
Used as tea to treat cough and other ail-
ments (G.S.).

Artemisia absinthium L.

Native to Eurasia. Introduced and widely

cultivated.
Q'erapata, 3800 m. Shrubby herb at edge of

field.
Santa Lucia (Sp.) [D1604]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

51

FIG. 22. G.P. uses hands and toe to begin weaving a basket (photo cere).

hanq'as (Qu.) (N.C., E.G.) possible

name [D1604]

Unspecified use, possibly to alleviate in-
testinal blockages (Sp., calicos) (G.S.).
Used to treat twisted ankle and like
problems (N.C., B.C.).
Yanacona, 3750 m. Herb from house door-
way.
ahinhus (Qu., from Sp. ajenjo, 'Artemisia

sp.') [F344]
Used for tea.

Baccharis boliviensis (Wedd.) Cabrera

Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina.
Cuper. 3 1 00-3 1 50 m. Shrub among large rocks

on slope in quebrada.
piki piki (Qu., piki, 'flea') [K260]
Use unknown (G.P.).

Baccharis caespitosa (Ruiz & Pavon) Pers. var.
alpina (H.B.K.) Cuatrec.
Colombia to Bolivia.

Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Low shrub on steep
rocky slopes.

pampa tayanqa (Qu.) (L.H., M.H.,

G.S.) [D1563]
puma t'anqa (Qu.) (G.P.) possible name

[D1563]
phalcha (Qu.) (G.P.) possible name

[D1563]

Possibly used for foot aches (L.H.). Use
forgotten (G.S.). Plant has no use
(M.H., G.P.).

Cuper, alt. approx. 3900 m. Spreading, creep-
ing herb on steep hillside at place called
Unu Urphuyuq.
pampa tayanqa (Qu.) [F303B]
Plant has no use (T.L.).

Baccharis genistelloides (Lam.) Pers.
Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
Cuper, 3500-3700 m. On steep slope.
qimsa kuchu (Qu., qimsa, 'three'; kuchu,

'corner') (C.R.) [K291]
nudo nudo (Sp., nudo, 'knot' or 'joint') sug-
gested name (P.P.) [K291]
muqu muqu (Qu., muqu, 'knot' or 'joint')
suggested name (Am.Q., G.S.) [K291]

52

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Name and use unknown (E.G.) [K291]
Used to make drink to give to drugged
people (Sp., drogada, by alcohol) to
cure stomachache (C.R.). Plant is
ground to make a medicine for (bone)
dislocations (Am.Q., G.S.). Use un-
known (P.P.).

Saccharis latifolia (Ruiz & Pavon) Pers.

Colombia to Argentina.
Cuper, 3800 m. Shrub along trail.
chilka(Qu.) [D1431]

Use unknown (G.P., G.S.).

Saccharis serrulata Pers.

Peru, Bolivia and Argentina.
Cuper, 3800 m. Shrub in houseyard, not cul-
tivated.
suytu suytu qhura (Qu., suytu, "long and

pointed'; qhura, 'herb') [K204]
No use reported (G.P.).

iaccharis tricuneata (L.f.) Pers. var. robusta Cua-
trec.

Peruvian Andes.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Shrub on steep rocky

slopes.
layanqa (Qu.) [D1521]

Plant is ground for salve to treat (bone)
dislocations, and used for firewood
(G.S.).

laccharis afF. tricuneata (L.f.) Pers. (sterile spec-
imen)

Peruvian Andes.
Cuper, alt. approx. 3900 m. Shrub on steep

hillside at place called Unu Urphuyuq.
tayanqa (Qu.) [F303A]

Leaves compared to those ofpampa tay-
anqa (F303B) (T.L.).

iarnadesia berberoides Schultz-Bip. (vel afT.)
Cuper, 3700-3810 m. Shrub on large eroded
rock and on terrace edges in Inca ruins,
and on steep hillside.
llawlli (Qu.) (D1375, DJ422, F358]
hallu hallu (Qu.) alternate pronunciation

(G.P.) [D1422]

The leaves are chewed like coca or made
into tea (N.C.). The plant is used to
treat escarlatina (Sp., 'scarlet fever')
(U.I.). Use unknown (M.C., S.J.,
T.L., G.S.). G.P. corroborated the
name but said that the plant had no
use. The bright magenta color of the
flowers of this plant is called llawlli

in describing dyed yarn and other
artifacts.

Cuper. Woody shrub on lower slope of An-
takillqa hillside at place called Tasaku-
ranaladunpi.

ruyaq llawlli (Qu., ruyaq, 'white') [F289]
Plant has no use (T.L.). Plant has white
flowers.

Bidens andicola H.B.K.

Colombia to Argentina.
Cuper, 3600 m. Steep shrubby hillside grazed

by sheep.
qhishwa kiku (Qu., qhishwa, 'warm place')

(G.S.) [D1732]
kiku (Qu.) (S.J.) [D1732]
Possible use as dye (G.S.). Eaten by cattle
(S.J.). Small leaves indicate that plant
came from area lower than Chinch-
ero center (S.J.).
Qorikancha, 3700 m. Fallow field in open area

along paved road.
kiku(Qu.) [F342B]
Use unknown (G.S.).

Bidens andicola H.B.K. var. andicola

Colombia to Argentina.
Cuper, 3450-3810 m. Along trail, and on
lightly grazed steep slope at edge of po-
tato garden.

hembra kiku (Qu. from Sp., hembra, 'fe-
male') (G.P.) [D1347]
kiku (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1502]
p'irqa (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1347, D1502]

Made into tea to treat pneumonia (D1502)
(G.S.). Flowers provide a yellow dye;
plant is the female (Sp., hembra)
counterpart of D 1346 (G.P.). At dif-
ferent times, G.P. identified D1502
as p'irqa and as a kiku of unknown
use.
Qorikancha, 3700 m. Fallow field in open area

along paved road.
kiku (Qu.) [F34JA]
Use unknown (G.S.).

Bidens andicola H.B.K. var. descomposita Kuntze

Colombia to Argentina.
Cuper, 3810 m. Herb along trail.

macho kiku (Qu. from Sp., macho, 'male')

(G.P., G.S.) [D1346]
Flowers provide a yellow dye; plant is the
male (Sp., macho) counterpart of
D1347, and provides a more potent
dye (G.P.) (fig. 23).

iTIANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

53

FIG. 23. N.C. gathers the flowers of kiku (Bidens andicola ssp.) to use for a yellow dye (photo cere).

Qorikancha, 3700 m. Fallow field in open
area along paved road.
kiku (Qu.) [F341B, F343]
Use unknown (G.S.).

Bidens pilosa L.

Neotropical.
Cuper Alto, 3800 m. Common herb on stone

wall along trail.
silk'iwa (Qu.) [F339]
Use unknown (G.S.).

Qorikancha, 3700 m. Fallow field in open area

along paved road.
kiku (Qu.) [F342A]
Use unknown (G.S.).

Calendula officinalis L.

Native to Mediterranean region. Widely

cultivated.

Cuper, 3810 m. Cultivated in house garden.
uchu k'aspa (Qu.) (T.H., G.S.) [K107]
Flower used as decoration. Made into tea

54

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

which is drunk to treat excessive
menstrual bleeding or bleeding out-
side of period (G.S.).

rhuquiraga spinosa Less.

Southern Peru, Chile, Argentina.
Cuper, approx. 4200 m. Low shrub on steep
hillside of Antakillqa at place called Atuq
Pita.
uchu k'aspa llawllicha (Qu., uchu k'aspa,

'Calendula officinalis") (S.J.) [F276]
qhillu t'ikaq llawlli (Qu., qhillu, 'yellow';

t'ikaq, 'flowered') (G.S.) [F276]
The plant has no use (S.J., G.S.). Flowers
of plant are light orange.

irsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.

Native to Europe. Naturalized weed.
Cuper, 3600 m. Herb on hillside (D1427).
Qorimarka, Sipas Warquna ruins, 3750 m.

Herb in disturbed soil (K281).
estrella khishqa (Sp., estrella, 'star'; Qu.,
khishqa, 'spiny plant') (Am.Q., G.P.)

(D1427, K281]
alka khishqa (Qu., alka, 'mark' or 'stain')

suggested name (Am.Q.) [K281]
escobilla (Sp., 'little broom') (E.G., S.J.,

C.R.) [K281]

Name unknown (P.P.) [K281]
Plant has no name (G.S.) [D1427]
Plant appeared like a plague in Chinchero
about eight years ago [1974], and
people are pretty tired of it already,
since it has a lot of spines and is of
no use whatsoever (Am.Q., G.S.). To
help cure nose ailments, such as
bleeding or small sores inside nose,
four to six flowers are soaked in clean
water, then smelled in the morning
(P.P.). Other suggested uses as a tea-
sel (S.J., C.R.), and, taken as a tea,
to sterilize women (Am.Q.). Use un-
known (G.P.).

Donyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.

Cosmopolitan weed.
Cuper, 3330 m. Herb in old rocky field by

brook.
duraznillo (Sp., 'small peach') suggested

name [D1820]

Used as tea to treat hangovers after hav-
ing drunk trago (Sp., 'cane alcohol')
(B.G.).

Conyza deserticola Philippi

Peru to Chile and Argentina.

Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
Name and use unknown (G.A.,

G.S.) [D1539]

Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of hill.
pampa sutuma (Qu.) [D1719]
Use unknown (L.P.).

Conyza obtusa H.B.K.

Mexico to northern Argentina.
Q'erapata, 3800 m. Herb in old field near

Ashnapuquio spring.
Name and use unknown [D16J5]
Similar to maych'a (Qu.); sheep eat it,
along with everything else (N.C.,
B.G.).

Conyza primulaefolia (Lam.) Cuatr. & Lourteig

Mexico to Chile and Argentina
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
Name and use unknown [D1529]

Cosmos peucedanifolius Wedd.

Peru, Bolivia and Argentina.
Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Herb among rocks,

grass, and shrubs on steep slopes.
phanti (Qu.) (N.C., B.C., G.P.) [D1669]
Entire plant used for tea; root used for
fever of costado (Sp., 'side') (G.P.).
Sold for tea in Cuzco and Chinchero
markets.

Dahlia pinnata Cav.

Native to Mexico. Widely cultivated and

escaped.
Cuper, 3300 m. At edge of cornfield in que-

brada bottom.
puka t'ika (Qu., puka, 'red'; t'ika, 'flower')

(G.P.) [D1763]

Used for decorative purposes during rit-
uals such as the first hoeing of potato
fields in January or February (G.P.).
Women wear the flowers in their hats,
and then plant them in the form of
a cross between the rows of potatoes.
Bouquets of flowers are then given
to everyone present, and flowers are
exchanged between partners who
dance at the field. Bouquets are se-
lected to mix the greatest possible
contrast of flower colors; the puka
t'ika is especially valued for its deep
red color and large size. Roasted
guinea pigs (Qu., cui) must be eaten
and maize beer (Sp., chichd) drunk
to ensure a harvest of many large
potatoes.

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

55

Eupatorium cuzcoense Micron.

Southern Peru.

Taucca, 4050 m. Shrub in thickets along road.
havaq maych'a (Qu., hayaq, 'bitter' or

'stinging') (G.S.) [D1587]
maych'a (Qu.) (M.H.) [D1587]
Plant has no use, although llamas and
cows eat it (M.H.). Use unknown
(G.S.). Maych 'a are common, weedy
plants, and so, for instance, a very
ordinary curer is called a maych'a
paqu (Qu., paqu, 'healer'), which
could imply that he could be found
anywhere, or that he only uses or-
dinary weeds in curing.

Eupatorium pentlandianum DC.

Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Steep rocky slopes and

rocks along stream above waterfall.
hayaq maych'a (Qu., hayaq, 'bitter' or

'stinging') [D1472]
hayaq qiyuna (Qu.) alternate name

(G.P.) [D1472]

Used to rub on breasts to wean children
after age two years (G.P.). Use un-
known (G.S.).

Eupatorium sternbergianum DC.

Ecuador and Peru.
Cuper, 3700 m. Shrub along trail.

manka paki (Qu., manka, 'pot'; paki, 'to

break') [D1413]

Used as a tea for digestive ailments (G.S.).
All informants agreed that although
the name of this plant, 'pot-breaker,'
might have referred to its use in the
past, they knew of no such use.

Eupatorium volkensii Hieron.

Southern Peru.
Cuper, 3700 m. Shrub along trail.

suytu qhura (Qu., suytu, 'long and narrow';

qhura. 'herb') [D1414]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1414]
Use unknown (G.P.).

Elourensia polycephala Dillon

Southern Peru.
Urquillos. 3300 m. Woody shrub along road

at place called Erapata.
fawka (Qu.?) [F329]

Useful as firewood, as it can be used for
cooking fires even when green.
Leaves used to make a poultice for
sprains.

Galinsoga mandonii Schultz-Bip.

Peru, Bolivia and Argentina.
Rajchi, 3700 m. Herb in barley field below

Inca ruins.
uq'i qhura (Qu., uq'i, 'gray'; qhura, 'herb')

(Am.Q.) [K217]

qhuracha (Qu., 'little herb') (E.G.) [K217]
Name unknown (P.P.) [K217]
Use unknown (B.G., Am.Q., P.P.).

Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavon

Native to Mexico. Weedy in temperate and
subtropical regions of both hemi-
spheres.
Cuper, 3300-3450 m. Herb at edge of small

maize field along brook.
p'irqa(Qu.) [D1744]

Entire plant used as a tea to cure coughs
(S.J.).

Gamochaeta spicata (Lam.) Cabrera

Native to South America, now a cosmo-
politan weed.

Cuper, 3600-4500 m. Herb in moist fen
(D1408) and on summit of Antakillqa hill
(D1711, D1712).
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb on steep rocky

slopes (D1562).

qhitu qhitu (Qu.) (G.A., N.C., L.H., G.P.,
L.P., G.S.) [D1408, D1562, D1711,
D1712]
macho qhitu qhitu (Sp., macho, 'male')

(G.A., L.P.) [D1711]
hembra qhitu qhitu (Sp., hembra, 'female')

(G.A.) [D1712]

The root is drunk in a tonic (local Sp.,
fresco) with yawar ch 'unqa (Qu., ya-
war, 'blood'; ch 'unqa, 'suck') (N.C.).
The entire plant is ground in alcohol
and applied to the leg to relieve leg
cramps (G.P.). Used together with
lupine and isphinhuy(Qu.) in a poul-
tice which is rubbed on the surface
of the legs (G.P.). A tea for the cos-
tado (Sp., 'side') is made from the
whole male plant (G.A.). The male
form is said to grow into the female
form (L.P.), which is made into
sankhu (Qu., a meal) with flour of
Vicia faba, or can be taken as a tea
for lung problems (G.A.). Use un-
known (L.H.).

Gnaphalium cheiranthifolium Lam.
Southern South America.

56

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Cuper, 3750 m. Herb in old field along brook.
wild wila pasto (Qu.; Sp., pasto, 'for-
age') [K120]
Use unknown (G.S.).

Gnaphalium mandonii Schultz-Bip.

Southern Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Herb along creek in

quebrada above waterfall.
qhitu qhitu (Qu.) (E.G., G.P.) [D1474]
A lukewarm tea made from this plant is
good for the lungs (E.G.). Eaten by
sheep (E.G.).
Taucca, 4050 m. Herb in moist soil along

brook.

wila wila (Qu., wila, 'tell') (G.S.) [D1575]
qiswar qiswar quracha (Qu., qiswar, "Bud-
dleja spp.'; qura, 'herb') (M.H.)
[D1575]

Use unknown (G.S.). Plant has no use,
except as sheep fodder (M.H.).

Grindelia boliviana Rusby

Peru, Bolivia and Argentina.
Qorikancha, 3750 m. Herb in disturbed soil.
chin chiri (Qu., chiri, 'cold') [K280]
Use unknown (T.H., G.P.).

Heliopsis buphthalmoides (Jacq.) Dunal

Neotropical weed.
Cuper, 3300-3450 m. At edge of garden along

brook.
p'irqa (Qu.) [D1745]

Used as a tea to cure coughs (S.J.).

Hieracium chilense Less, (vel sp. aff.)

Ecuador, Chile, Peru.
Cuper, alt. unknown. Antakillqa hillside.
Name and use unknown [F271]

Hieracium mandonii (Schultz-Bip.) Arv.-Touv.

Peru, Bolivia and Argentina.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes .
yerba de billarga (Sp., yerba, 'herb')

(M.T.) [D1550]

Plant has no name (G.S.) [D1550]
Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Hillside.
wila wila (Qu.) (L.P.) [D1690]
suphu suphucha (Qu., suphu, 'coarse stiff

hair') (E.G.) [D1690]
This plant was declared to be of no use
by all informants (E.G., L.P., G.S.,
M.T.). G.S. noted emphatically that
the plant had no name or use and
was not even eaten by animals.

Hypochoeris chilensis (H.B.K.) Hieron.

Colombia to Argentina.
Cuper, 3100-3600 m. Steep rocky slopes.
qhishwa pi Hi (Qu., qhishwa, 'warm place';
pilli refers to the form in which the ray
florets radiate from a central ring, as
feathers do from a headdress) (G.P.)
[K264]
Name and use unknown (N.C., E.G.)

[D1656]
Use unknown (G.P.).

Hypochoeris taraxacoides (Walp.) Benth. & Hook.

Peru to Argentina.

Cuper, 3600-4500 m. Along trail and on sum-
mit of Antakillqa hill.
Taucca, 4050 m. Moist soil along brook.
Yanacona, 3750 m. Fallow field on moist

pampa.

ch'aran pilli (Qu., ch'aran, 'seepage area';
pilli refers to the form in which ray
florets radiate from a central ring, as
feathers do from a headdress)
[DJ407, D1574, D1589, D1629,
D1708]
pilli pilli (Qu.) alternate name

(G.A.) [D1708]

A tea (E.G.) for stomach problems is
made from the root of this plant
(G.A., M.H.). A tonic (Sp., refresco)
(M.H.) is made from the fresh leaves
(G.S.) or the entire plant with the
root (G.A.). Used for pains of the
waist area (L.P.). Use unknown
(G.P.). All six informants agreed on
the name.

Hypochoeris sp.

Steep rocky slopes.

ch'aki pilli (Qu., ch'aki, 'dry'; pilli refers to
the form in which the ray florets radiate
from a central ring, as feathers do from
a headdress) not collected

No reported use (L.H.).

Jungia amphistipula Cerrate

Peruvian Andes.

Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Steep rocky slopes.
Name and use not recorded [D1672]

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.

Native to Eastern Europe. Widely cultivat-
ed and escaped.

Cuper, 3330 m. Wild herb on steep wet rock
slopes.

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

57

margaritas (Sp.) [D1808]
Ornamental (B.G.).

Mat riraria recutita L.

Native of Eurasia. Widely cultivated.
Cuper, 38 10 m. Herb cultivated in house gar-
den.
manzanilla (Sp., 'chamomile') (N.C., A.Co.,

G.S.) [D1397]

Used for tea as remedy for stomachache
or other ailments (N.C.). Used with
toronjil (Sp., 'Melissa officinal is') in
making J rut 1 1 'lada ('strawberry beer')
(N.C.). Plant has no Quechua name.
Sold in Chinchero Sunday market.

Munnozia lyrata (Gray) H. Robinson & Brettell

Peru.
Cuper, 3370-3700 m. In open areas along

steep trail.

khana (Qu.) [D1418]
Name and use not recorded [D1735]
Name unknown (G.P.).

Mutisia acuminata Ruiz & Pavon

Peru, Bolivia and Argentina.
Cuper, 3700 m. Along trail.
chinchirkuma (Qu.) [D1419]
Use unknown (G.P.).

Mutisia cochabambensis Hieron.

Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 3500-3900 m. Climbing vine at edge

of field on steep hillside.
wayrakuma (Qu., wayra, 'wind') (L.P.)

[D1688]

Name and use unknown (G.P.) [K288]
One informant (L.P.) told us that he
makes a tea from the leaves of this
plant and drinks it every day for his
general health.

Onoseris albicans (D. Don) Ferreyra

Peru.

Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. On dry hillside.

wira q'uya (Qu.) (P.P.) [K301]

puna san borgue (Qu.-Sp., 'St. Borja of the

puna') (C.R.) alternate name [K301]

phanti phanti or k'ita phanti (Qu., k'ita,

'wild') (U.I.) possible name [K301]
Name and use unknown (B.G.) [K301]
Wira q'uya is burned inside the sheep
corral with ch'ira de a//'(Qu., ch'ira,
'seeds'; Sp., de aji, 'of hot peppers');
the smoke is said to prevent sheep
from running too much (P.P.). Wira

q'uya is burned along with alpaca fat
in despacho (Sp.) ceremonies to dis-
miss fright or trauma (L.P.). Use un-
known (C.R.).

Oritrophium hieracioides (Wedd.) Cuatrec.

Peru and Bolivia.

Taucca, 4000-4250 m. Herb on cliff faces,
steep rocky slopes, and lightly grazed
draws.

Name and use unknown (G.S.) [DJ529,
K184]

Paranephelius uniflorus Poeppig & Endl.

Peru.
Yanacona, 3750 m. Herb in fallow field on

seasonally inundated pampa (D1620).
Cuper, 4500 m. Herb on summit of hill

(D1724).

pachakuti (Qu., pacha, 'earth'; kuti, 'turn
around') (G.A., G.P., G.S.) [D1620,
D1724]

Taucca, 4050-4250 m. On steep rocky slopes,
and in moist soil along brook in com-
munity center.
q'ara maransiras (Qu., q'ara, 'skin')

(G.S.) [D1537J

q'ara pilli (Qu., q'ara, 'skin'; pilli refers to
the form in which the ray florets radiate
from a central ring, as feathers do from
a headdress) (G.S.) [D1577]
Use unknown (G.A., L.H., G.S.).

Perezia coerulescens Wedd.

Peru, Bolivia and Argentina.
Taucca, 4000-4200 m. Herb on cliff faces and

lightly grazed draws.
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K187]

Perezia multiflora (H.B.K.) Less.

Colombia to Argentina.
Taucca, 3900 m. Herb on side of trail.
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K180]

Perezia pinnatifida (Humb. & Bonpl.) Wedd.

Ecuador to Bolivia.

Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill.
Taucca, 4200-4500 m. Among ichus (Qu.,
'high-altitude grasses') in puna above
community.
sutuma (Qu.) [D1703, F369]

Informants disagreed about the gender of
this plant. L.P. identified it as female
(Sp., hembrd), noting that the roots,
leaves, and flowers are boiled to make
a tea for stomach ailments. G.A.

58

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

called it male (Qu., urqund) and said
that a tea is made from the whole
plant for coughs. B.G. gave it no gen-
der and said that only the root is used
to trealfiebre del costado (Sp., 'fever
of the side'). Use unknown (F369)
(G.S.). The plant is sold by local ven-
dors in the Chinchero Sunday mar-
ket.

Perezia pungens (Humb. & Bonpl.) Less.

Colombia to Bolivia.
Cuper, 3500-3900 m. Herb on steep rocky

slopes of Antakillqa hillside.
sutuma (Qu.) [D1648, DJ693, K285]
This plant (D1648, D1693) is male (Sp.,
macho; Qu., urqund) (G.P., L.P.).
The leaves and flowers are used for
tea (G.P.); the large root is used to
make a tea for fever (L.P.). The leaves
are used in the same way as man-
zanilla (Sp., "Matricaria recutita") in
tea, or as a tonic (Sp., refresco). It is
taken as a tea, for breakfast (N.C.,
B.G.) and for ailments of the stom-
ach and the side (G.P., L.P., C.R.).
Similar to yerba de billarga (Sp.?)
(B.C.).

Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze

Peru, Chile, Argentina, Colombia, Ecua-
dor, Bolivia.

Uychu, approx. 3600 m. Erect herb at place
called Suntur Muqu, next to road and
river.
kanchalawa (Qu.) [F322]

For use to treat excessive sleeping, boil
the plant in the evening, then give it
to children in the morning (G.S.).
When boiled, the water becomes very
bitter, so that one has to add a lot of
sugar to get children to drink it (G.S.).

Senecio calcensis Cabrera & Zardini

Peru.

Cuper, 3350-3550 m. Herb on hillside
(D/770) and steep bank in quebrada
above Puqpuq waterfall (D1481)
ambrosacha (Qu., from Sp. ambrosia)

(G.P.) [D1770]
suka rura (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1481]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1481]
Use unknown for either specimen (G.P.).

Senecio erosus Wedd.

Peru and Bolivia.

Taucca, 4000-4200 m. On side of cliff.
tiqllay warmi (Qu., warm/, 'woman')

[K195]

Drunk in tea to treat pain in the kidneys
(G.S.). Sold by local vendors in the
Chinchero Sunday market.

Senecio herrerae Cabrera
Peru and Bolivia.
Ch'usu, 3800 m. Herb in disturbed soil along

trail (K273).
Cuper village center, 3810 m. On stone wall

near spring (Kl 10).
q'armatu (Qu.) (U.I.) [K273]
paya paya (Qu., paya, 'little old lady') sug-
gested name (G.S.) [Kl 10]
china china (Qu., china, 'female') suggested

name(C.R.) [Kl 10]
Use unknown (U.I., G.S., C.R.).

Senecio modestus Wedd.
Peru and Bolivia.

Taucca, 4000-4200 m. Herb on cliff face.
qhitu qhitu (Qu.) (B.G.) [K186]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K186]
Use unknown (B.G.).

Senecio parvocapitatus Cabrera

Southern Peru.

Cuper, 3810 m. Along trailside.
llamaq mikhuna maych'a (Qu., llamaq,

'llama's'; mikhuna, 'food') [D1354]
Eaten by llamas, burros, and sheep; boiled
and rubbed on the body for aches
(G.P.).

Senecio rudbeckiifolius Meyen & Walp.

Peru and Bolivia.

Cuper, 3700 m. Antakillqa hillside.
llamaq mikhuna maych'a (Qu., llamaq,

'llama's'; mikhuna, 'food') [D1428]
hayaq maych'a (Qu., hayaq, 'bitter' or

'stinging') (G.S.) [D1428]
Used for llama food (G.P.).
Q'erapata, 3800 m. Shrub on top of adobe

wall.
hayaq maych'a (Qu., hayaq, 'bitter' or

'stinging') [D1606]

puka tulluq maych'a (Qu., puka, 'red'; tul-

luq, 'stemmed') (N.C., B.G.) [D1606]

For use to cure dislocations, plant is

ground to extract juice that is rubbed

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

59

on affected part or tied on with a rag
(N.C., B.C., G.S.).

So Mi-do spinosus DC.

Peru, Bolivia and Argentina.
Taucca, 3900-4500 m. Shrub in open on
gra/ed slopes below cliff faces and in flat
area of cold puna.
k'anlli(Qu.) [K18J]
Name and use unknown [F307]
Use unknown (B.G., T.H.). Possible use
of whole plant in warm water for
headache (B.G.). Similar to k'anlli
(F307) (Je.C, G.S.).

Sigesbeckia jorullensis H.B.K.

Pantropical weed.
Cupen 3300-3750 m. At edge of old field along

brook.
asnaq qhura (Qu., asnaq, 'smelly'; qhura,

'herb') (Am.Q., G.S.) [K116]
khanan khanan qhura (Qu., qhura, 'herb')

(B.G.) [K116]
uq'i qhura (Qu., uq'i, 'gray'; qhura, 'herb')

possible name (P.P.) [#776]
manka p'aki (Qu.) possible name

(P.P.) [K116]

Name unknown (S.J.) [D1748]
The plant is collected and fed to guinea
pigs (Qu., cui) (E.G., S.J., Am.Q.,
P.P., G.S.).

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill

Cosmopolitan weed, native of Europe.
Yanacona, 3750 m. On edge of potato garden

on pampa.
Cuper, 3 1 00-3 1 50 m. On somewhat dry slope

with large rocks.

khishqa khana (Qu., khishqa, 'plant with
spines') (B.C., G.P.) [D1641, K265]
Whole plant is used in a tea (N.C., B.G.)
with tonic (Sp., fresco) effects (S.J.).
Use unknown (G.P.).

Sonchus oleraceus L.

Cosmopolitan weed, native of Europe.
Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Along stream in que-

hrada above Puqpuq waterfall.
llampu khana (Qu.) (G.S., G.P.) [D1492]
upa khisa (Qu., upa, 'mute'; khisa, 'thorn')
suggested alternate name (G.S.)
[D1492]

Entire plant used to make juice to drink
(G.P.). Use unknown (G.S.).

Stevia macbridei B. L. Robinson var. anomala B.
L. Robinson

Peru.
Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb among rocks on dry

pastured slopes.
pat a kaqra (Qu.) [K126]
Name and use unknown (Am.Q., P.P.,

G.S.) [K126]

Used only as kindling and fuel for kitchen
fires (B.G.). Animals will not eat it
because of its foul odor (P.P.) (fig.
24).

Stevia rhombifolia H.B.K. var. stephanacoma

Schultz-Bip.

Colombia to Bolivia.

Cuper, 3100 m. Herb in moist maize garden.
manka p'aki (Qu., manka, 'pot'; p'aki,
'break') (E.G., Am.Q., G.S.) [K251]
p'irqa (Qu.) (P.P.) [K251]

Roots used for stomachache; leaves
steeped in a tea as a remedy for vom-
iting (Am.Q., G.S.). Used as a tea
(P.P.).

Tagetes multiflora H.B.K.

Colombia to Argentina.
Q'erapata, 3800 m. Weedy herb at edge of

field along road.
chiqchipa (Qu.) [D1608]
A condiment for cooking (asnapa, Qu.,
'having smell') (G.S.). Used to treat
stomachache (B.G.). Sold in Chinch-
ero Sunday market, but less desir-
able than wakatay (Tagetes terni-
flora) or other condiments.
Qorikancha, 3700 m. Fallow field along paved

road.
Name and use unknown [F342C]

Tagetes terniflora H.B.K.

Colombia to Argentina.
Cuper, 3810 m. Cultivated in house garden.
wakatay (Qu.) (T.H., G.S.) [K100]
Condiment used in cooking, especially to
stuff guinea pigs before roasting and
in maize soup (G.S.). Sold in
Chinchero and Cuzco markets.

Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip.

Native to the Balkan Peninsula. Widely cul-
tivated.

Cuper, 38 10 m. Herb cultivated in house gar-
den.

santa mayra (local Sp., Santa Maria) (T.H.,
G.S.) [K103]

60

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

FIG. 24. Children carry kindling after a day with flocks or in fields, never going home empty-handed. Guinea pig
droppings are the primary fuel in homes that have not yet converted to kerosene stoves, but all homes maintain
supplies of dried brush to start and enliven cooking fires (photo C.S.).

Used for intestinal obstruction (Sp., cal-
icos) and desmantu (Qu. from Sp.,
desmandado), described as waist-
level backache from exhaustion
(G.S.).

Taraxacum officinale G. Weber ex Wiggers

Cosmopolitan weed.
Cuper, 3810 m. Weedy herb along trail.
charanpilli (Qu., charan, 'wet place'; pilli
refers to the form in which the ray flo-

rets radiate from a central ring, as
feathers do from a headdress)
[DJ371]

Roots used for a tea to treat ailments of
injlamacion (Sp., 'inflammation'),
corazon (Sp., 'heart'), and mal de hi-
gado (Sp., 'liver problems') (G.P.).

Verbesina pflanzii Perkins
Peru and Bolivia.

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

61

Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. Abundant herb

along trail on dry hillside.
Name and use unknown (E.G., Am.Q., P.P.,

G.S.) [K298]
winku winku (Qu.) possible name (C.R.)

[K298]

Use unknown (B.G., Am.Q., P.P., C.R.,
G.S.). Similar to sunchu (Am.Q.,
G.S.).

Viguiera pazensis Rusby
Peru and Bolivia.

Cuper, 3450-3500 m. At edge of potato field

on lightly grazed slopes above waterfall.

sunch'u (Sp., sunchu, 'Composite sp.')

[D1498]

Used as fodder for cows and guinea pigs
(Qu., cut) (G.S.).

Viguiera procumbens (Pers.) S.F. Blake
Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile.
Cuper, 3100 m. On side of trail.
sunch'u (Sp., sunchu, 'Composite sp.')

[K248]

Use unknown (G.P.).
Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb near buildings.
sunchus (from Sp., sunchu, 'Composite sp.';
pronunciation varies to sunchu) (G.A.,
G.S.) [D1675]
manka paki (Qu., manka, 'pot'; paki,

'break') (N.C., E.G.) [D1675]
Leaves are fed to guinea pigs (G.A., G.S.).
Use unknown (N.C., B.G.).

Vilobia praetermissa Strother

Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper (Huancapata), 3850 m. Herb in grazed

and disturbed soil along trail.
pampa anis (Qu., pampa, 'flat open place';

Sp., anis, 'anise') [K176]
Leaves can be used to make a tea (G.P.).
After eating something cold in the
countryside, people sometimes chew
this sweet plant as they do coca
(T.H.). Sold in the Chinchero Sun-
day market.

Werneria nubigenia H.B.K.

Mexico, Guatemala, Andean South Amer-
ica.

Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Low herbs in clumps
on open hillside of arable land in place
called K'inqupata.
cebolla cebolla [F353]
Plant has no use (M.C., S.J., T.L., G.S.).
Plant may be biennial (G.S.).

Werneria pygmaea Gillies

Taucca, 5000 m. Community border with

Calca. Among ichus on open puna.
margaritas (Sp., 'daisies') [of some kind]

suggested name [F363]
Plant has no use (E.G., Au.Q., G.S., J.S.).

Werneria staticaefolia Schultz-Bip.

Peru.

Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
cebolla cebolla (Qu., from Sp. cebolla, 'on-
ion') [D1547]

Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1547J
Use unknown (L.H.).

Werneria strigosissima A. Gray

Cuper Alto, 4600 m. Among ichus (Qu., 'high-
altitude grasses') in flat open area called
Margaritayuq.
Name and use unknown [F315]

Werneria villosa A. Gray

Peru and probably adjacent Bolivia.
Taucca, 5000 m. Community border with
Calca. Among ichus (Qu., 'high-altitude
grasses') on open puna,
margaritas [of some kind] (Sp., 'dais-
ies') [F364]
Name and use unknown [F365]

Use unknown [F364] (E.C., Au.Q., G.S.,
J.S.). All said that F365 was a plant
they had never seen before (E.C.,
Au.Q., G.S., J.S.).

Zinnia peruviana (L.) L.

Native of Mexico. Neotropical weed.
Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. Herb along trail

on dry hillside.

vuyay hapichinkiy t 'ika (Qu., 'thought flow-
er') [K306]
mayu yawar ch 'unqa (Qu.) suggested name

"(C.R.) [K306]
puka t'ika qhurachata (Qu.) possible name

(B.G.) [K306]
qhishwa aya t'ika (Qu.) possible name

(B.G.) [K306]

Name and use unknown (P.P.) [K306]
Use unknown (E.G., Am.Q., C.R., G.S.).
The Quechua name is a literal trans-
lation ofpensamiento(Sp., 'thought'),
as zinnias are locally called in Span-
ish. The informant may have im-
provised the Quechua name when
asked.

62

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Genus and species indet.

Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Herb on Antakillqa

hillside.

maransiras (Qu.) [D1697]
Greens are used as herb in salads and
soups or can be ground into hot sauce.
This is a favorite food of the inform-
ant (L.P.). Sold by local vendors in
the Chinchero Sunday market.

Genus and species indet.

Cuper, 4500 m. Herb at summit of Antakillqa

hillside, place called Kuntur Tiana.
maransiras (Qu.) [F275]
Said never to flower. Whole plant is
ground up to be eaten in hot sauce
(Qu., uchukuta), or in freeze-dried
potato soup (Qu., chunu lawd) made
with saqtacha (Qu., chunu which is
chopped up and boiled in process-
ing.) Smells like cilantro.

CONVOLVULACEAE

Cuscuta corymbosa Ruiz & Pavon
Central and southern Peru.
Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Parasitic vine on shrubs

on hillside.

willq'u (Qu.) [D1682]
Name and use unknown (G.A.,

B.G.) [D1682]

Informant (L.P.) insisted that this offen-
sive-tasting plant had no use what-
soever.

Cuscuta globiflora Engelm.

Southern Peru to Argentina.
Cuper, 3100 m. Parasitic vine climbing on

herbs in small moist maize field.
willk'u rojo (Qu.; Sp., rojo, 'red')

(P.P.) [K247]
willk'u (Qu.) (B.G.) [K247J
Useful to treat kidney ailments (P.P.). The
whole plant is 'toasted' (heated with-
out water) and used as a poultice for
pains in the waist area (P.P.). Con-
sidered a very hot plant (P.P.). Like
allka khishqa and ruda, which cause
abortion, this plant can be used to
make a tea to make women sterile
(Am.Q., G.S.).

Dichondra sericea Sw.

Mexico to Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, Bra-
zil, Argentina and Chile.

Q'erapata, 3800 m. Creeping herb forming

mats in moist seepage area.
winku winku (Qu.) [D1613]
A tea prepared by steeping the leaves is
drunk to cure kidney problems (N.C.,
B.C., G.S.).

Ipomoea minuta R. E. Fries

Peru and Bolivia.

Pirqa Kachun, 3750 m. On open grazed hill-
side.
leche leche (Qu. from Sp., leche,

'milk') [K295]
nunupunqa (Qu., nunu, 'breast') possible

name (C.R.) [K295]
Sweet tuber is eaten, especially by chil-
dren (U.I.).

Ipomoea piurensis O'Don.

Guyana, Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador and

Peru.
Cuper, 3300 m. Vine on stone wall at edge of

small maize field.
wilk'u(Qu.) [D1759]
Use unknown (G.P.).

CRASSULACEAE

Echeveria aft , chiclensis (Ball) Berger (or sp. nov.)
Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. Erect succulent

on Inca stone wall.

luraypu (Qu., 'diamond shape') [K296]
Use unknown (S.J., C.R., G.S.).

Echeveria aft", peruviana Meyen

Southern Peru to Chile and Argentina.
Cuper, 3700 m. Succulent herb along trail.
luraypu (Qu., 'diamond shape') [D1415]
Leaves chewed to alleviate thirst (S.J.,
G.S.).

Villadia virgata (Diels) Baehni & J.F. Macbr.

Central and southern Peru.
Cuper, 3330-3600 m. Herb on steep wet rocks
and on rocks in place called Wayraq Pun-
ku.

Name and use unknown [F263]
Name and use not recorded [D1811]
Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3330 m. Erect on Inca

wall.

kunquha (Qu.) (Am.Q., P.P., G.S.) [K297]

kuychi kuychi (Qu.) (C.R.) [#297]

To treat a headache, this plant is boiled

in an olla (Sp., 'globular cooking pot')

and used to wash the head (P.P.).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

63

Head problems may be caused by
the wind; for instance if your ears
ring, washing with this plant will
make it stop (P.P.)- The juice
squeezed out after rubbing this plant
can be used to treat toothaches
(Am.Q., G.S.). Plant has no use
(C.R.).

CRUCIFERAE

Brassica aff. B. nigra (L.) W.D. Koch or B. juncea
(L.) Czern.

Both native of Old World.
Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Herb on lightly grazed

slopes above waterfall.
mosta-a (Sp., 'mustard') [D1500]
Seeds are ground for use as a condiment
(G.S.). G.S. later denied that use, but
suggested that the fruit are used to
cure fever.

Brassica campestris L.

Native of Old World.

Cuper, 3810 m. Common herb by trailside.
nabo (Sp., 'turnip') [D1341]
llullu (Qu., 'greens') [D1341]
urqun sangra sangra (Qu., urqun, 'male')

(T.L.) [F298]

Cooked as a green in llullu hawch 'a (Qu.),
a dish of greens, onions, and mashed
potatoes. Use unknown (T.L.).

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medikus

Native of Old World, now a widespread

American weed.
Cuper, 3810 m. Herb along trail.

uq'i uq'i (Qu., uq'i, 'gray') (G.P.) [D1367]
arequipa pasto (Sp., pasto, 'fodder'; Are-
quipa refers to the Peruvian city)
(G.S.) [D1367]
Use unknown (G.P., G.S.).

Descurainia myriophyllum (Willd.) R. E. Fries

Colombia to Peru.

Yanacona, 3810 m. Herb on rock outcrop.
Cuper, 3350-3500 m. Herb on hillside.
sangra sangra (Qu.) (G.P., G.S.) [D1404,

D1776]
ashna qhura (Qu.) possible name

(Al.Q.). [D1404]

Capsules are used medicinally, possibly
to treat pneumonia (G.S.). Use un-
known (G.P., Al.Q.).

Descurainia titicacensis (Walp.) Lillo

Southern Peru to Argentina.
Cuper, 3810 m. Herb along trail near com-
munity center.
sangra sangra (Qu.) [D1362]

Used for kidney problems (G.P.). Boiled
with capuli (Prunus serotina ssp. ca-
puli) andjora de chicha (Sp., 'maize
sprouted for making beer'), this plant
is used to bathe children when they
have diarrhea (N.C.).

Draba aff. D. cuzcoensis O. E. Schulz vel sp. nov.

Known only from Cusco, Peru.
Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb forming rosettes
among rocks on dry pastured slopes of
Titiqaqachimpa.
michi michi (Qu., michi, 'cat') (B.G.)

[K127]
bolsa bolsa (Qu., from Sp. bolsa, 'bag')

(P.P.) [#727]
Name and use unknown (Am.Q., G.S.)

[#7277

Plant has no use (B.C., P.P.). G.S. made
the unusual statement that he had
never seen this plant before.

Draba sp. nov.?

Known only from Chinchero.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb forming rosettes

on steep rocky slopes.
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [DI558]

I e pi (I him bipinnatifidum Desv.

Colombia to Bolivia.
Q'erapata, 3800 m. Herb in disturbed soil at

edge of field.
Yanacona, 3750 m. Herb in inundated rows

of fallow potato field on moist pampa.
chichira (Qu.) [7)7679, D1607]

Said to be poisonous to guinea pigs, but
not to cattle, who may eat it (G.S.).
To treat phiru (Qu., an illness caused
by contact with 'the Ancients,' with
symptoms of joint aches), the plant
is pounded with a stone and rubbed
on legs or other affected area (E.G.).

Nasturtium officinale R. Br.

Cosmopolitan weed, native of Old World.
Cuper, 3100-3600 m. Herb in moist fen

(D1410), on moist rocks near stream in

quebrada (K253), in dry watercourse on

hillside (7)7775).
Q'erapata, 3800 m. Herb in wet seepage area

of Ashnapuquio (7)7670).

64

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Pukamarka, 3800 m. Herb at edge of small
stream in fields by Lake Piuray (K174).
mayu mostazilla (Qu., mayu, 'running
water'; Sp., mostazilla, 'little mustard')
(G.P., G.S.) [D1410, D1610, D1778,
K174, K253]
michi michi (Qu., michi, 'cat') (G.S.)

[D1410]
Name and use unknown (N.C., B.G.)

[D1610]
ch'apu ch'apu (Qu.) possible name (N.C.,

B.G.) [DJ610]

Cooked and eaten as a main course dish
(G.S., G.P.). Not eaten raw.

Raphanus sativus L.

Native to Europe and Eastern Asia; widely

cultivated.
Cuper, 3750 m. Cultivated in sector of fields

called Waqkata.

rabanos (Sp., 'radishes') [F330]
Unsuccessfully cultivated with carrots in
corner of habas field; broadcast and
never thinned.

Sisymbrium aff. oleraceum O. Schulz

Peruvian Andes.
Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Herb on lightly grazed

slopes above Puqpuq waterfall.
mayu mostazilla (Qu., mayu, 'running
water'; Qu., diminutive from Sp. mos-
taza, 'mustard') [DI513]
Use unknown (G.P.).

Sisymbrium peruvianum DC.

Peru, Bolivia.
Cuper, 4500 m. Low herb in narrow quebrada

in place called Qoriwayrachina.
Name and use unknown [F314]

CUCURBITACEAE

Cyclanthera brachybotrys (Poeppig & Endl.) Cogn.

Colombia to Bolivia.

Cuper, 3300-3450 m. Wild vine along edge
of garden by brook (D1750) and on steep
hillside (K214).

achuqcha (Qu.) (G.P.) [K214]
k'ita achuqcha (Qu., k'ita, 'feral')

(G.S.) [D1750]

q'utu q'utu (Qu., q'utu, 'round lump,'
such as goiter) alternate name (S.J.)
[D1750]

Green fruits of this wild plant are sold in
the Cusco market to be eaten in

salads. Fruit is made into a tea to be
drunk for belly ailments (S.J.).

Sicyos baderoa Hook. & Arn.

Ecuador to Chile.

Q'erapata, 3800 m. Dense vine on adobe wall.
putaqllanku (Qu.) [D1601]

Long lengths of this vine are wound
around the necks of dancers during
Carnaval, although increasingly be-
ing replaced by store-bought paper
ribbons. The entire plant is boiled
and used for bathing, or the leaves
may be rubbed together and then
rubbed on the body (G.S.). Used as
a tonic (Sp., refrescd) (B.C.).

CUNONIACEAE

Weinmannia producta Moric. ex DC.

Central and southern Peru.
Cuper, 3360 m. Tree above Puqpuq waterfall.
Name and use not recorded [D1792]
The tree showed evidence of trimming
for firewood.

CYPERACEAE

Cyperus hermaphroditus (Jacq.) Standley

Widely distributed in tropical America.
Cuper, 3100 m. Somewhat dry slope among

large rocks.
muqu muqu (Qu., muqu, 'knot' or 'joint')

[K252]
Use unknown (G.P.).

Cyperus sesleroides H.B.K.

Venezuela to Argentina.
Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Sedge on grassy, some-
what scrubby, steep rocky slopes.
urqupasto(Qu., urqu, 'hill'; Sp.,pasto, 'fod-
der') suggested name [D1651]
pastucha (Sp., pasto, 'fodder'; Qu., -cha,
'little') description (N.C., B.G.) [D1651J
Animal browse (G.A., N.C., B.G.).

Scirpus californicus (Mez) Steudel

Southwestern United States south to Ar-
gentina.
Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. Floating in clumps in

lake.

khuyu (Qu.) (S.J., G.P., G.S.) [D1639]
totora (Qu.) (B.G.) suggested name

[D1639]

Use unknown (B.C., S.J., G.P., G.S.).
Similar to sima (Qu., Festuca sp., Poa
sp.) but grows in lakes (G.S.).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

65

DIOSCOREACEAE

Dioscorea ancashensis Knuth

Central and southern Peru.
Cuper, 3840 m. Herb in thin soil by large rock

outcrop.

intiq papan (Qu., intiq, 'sun's'; papan, 'po-
tato') (G.P.) [K145]
Name and use unknown (E.G., P.P.)

[K145]
Use unknown (G.P.).

Dioscorea incayensis Knuth

Andes of Peru.
Cuper, 3 1 50 m. Vine on shrubs among large

rocks on steep, somewhat dry hillside.
ambar ambar (Qu. from Sp., ambar, 'am-
ber') [K261]
Use unknown (G.P.).

Dioscorea piperifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

Colombia to Peru and Brazil.
Cuper, 3600 m. Climbing vine along trail;

scandent vine on steep slopes.
ambar ambar (Qu. from Sp., ambar, 'am-
ber') (G.P.) [D1457, D1489]
wilq'u (Qu.) possible name (G.S.) [D1457]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1457]
Use unknown (G.P.).

ELAEOCARPACEAE

Vallea stipularis L.f.

Colombia to Bolivia.
Cuper, 3800 m. Woody shrub on dry grazed

hillsides (D1447).
Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m (K140).
sullullumay (Qu.) (B.G., Am.Q., G.S.)

[D1447, K140]
chiqllumay (Qu., chiqlluy, 'to choose')

(Au.Q.) [D1447]
chiqllurway (Qu.) alternate name

(P.P.) [K140]

canela (Sp., 'cinnamon') (A.Ca.) [D1447]
The wood is useful for housebuilding and
as firewood (A.Co., T.H., G.S.). Fo-
liage is boiled and used to wash the
body if it becomes stiff, or to treat
rheumatism (Am.Q., P.P., Au.Q.,
G.S.). Use unknown (A.Ca., B.G.).

ERICACEAE

Pernettya prostrata (Cav.) EXT.

Costa Rica, Venezuela to Chile.

Taucca, 4050-4250 m.
Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Shrub on steep rocky
slopes, woody shrub on Antakillqa hill-
side (D1543, D1688). Spreading, creep-
ing herb among short grasses and mosses
on rocky soil of Antakillqa hillside, above
placed called Unu Urphuyuq (F304).
macha macha (Qu., macha, 'drunken')
(B.G., L.H., L.P.) [D1543, D1686,
F304]

macha macha (Qu., macha, 'drunken') sug-
gested name [F357]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1543,

F357]

The berries are used to make you 'drunk,'
for fun (B.G., L.H., L.P.). F304 and
F357 were said by M.C., T.L., and
G.S. not to be intoxicating, although
they noted that children eat the ber-
ries.

ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Erythroxylum coca Lam.

Ecuador to Bolivia, Andean foothills.
Imported from Quillabamba area, Dept. of
Cusco. Sold in markets.

coca (Qu.) not collected
Coca leaf is chewed on a daily basis by
both male and female adult residents
of Chinchero; its use is decreasing
among younger adults. Leaves are
kept in the mouth for up to an hour
with the occasional addition of small
pieces ofllipta (Qu.), an alkaline ad-
mixture. Llipta is made locally from
the ashes of combinations of plants
generally including taynu (Qu., the
terminal flower clusters of Puya we-
berbaueri) (figs. 25-28). Every year
between March and June, shepherds
on the hillsides collect and prepare
taynu along with fragrant plants such
as asul nuqchu (Plumbago coerulea),
tayanqa (Baccharis tricuneata), suy-
tu suytu (Eupatorium sp.), and is-
phinhuy (e.g. Aristeguietia (Eupato-
rium) discolor). For example, the
large Puya inflorescences may be
formed into a pyramid and burned

66

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

lopes

'497]
:ially

ERRATUM ?!;

j.S.).

Some type was inadvertently dropped from the bottom of the right-hand column on from

jage 66 ofFieldiana: Botany, New Series, No. 24. The last three lines of the following j.S.).

jaragraph were erroneously omitted from the page.

cos-

ERYTHROXYLACEAE qpuq

Erythroxylum coca Lam.

fOFO]

Ecuador to Bolivia, Andean foothills.
Imported from Quillabamba area, Dept. of
Cusco. Sold in markets.

coca (Qu.) not collected

Coca leaf is chewed on a daily basis by

both male and female adult residents

of Chinchero; its use is decreasing

among younger adults. Leaves are

kept in the mouth for up to an hour /. . .

with the occasional addition of small
pieces ofllipta (Qu.), an alkaline ad-
mixture. Llipta is made locally from
the ashes of combinations of plants
generally including taynu (Qu., the
terminal flower clusters of Puya we-
berbaueri) (figs. 25-28). Every year
between March and June, shepherds

on the hillsides collect and prepare t area

taynu along with fragrant plants such fields,

as asul nuqchu (Plumbago coerulea), com-

tayanqa (Baccharis tricuneata), suy-

tu suytu (Eupatorium sp.), and is- '618]

phinhuy (e.g. Aristeguietia (Eupato-
rium) discolor). For example, the
large Puya inflorescences may be

formed into a pyramid and burned erod-

first, then allowed to smolder, burn- hard

ing the other plant ingredients. Peo-
ple pulverize and sift the ashes after ^jj_

com-
'709]
name

ilow')

ponse
make
round

67

DIOJ

Diosi

Diost

(

Diosc

C

ELA]
Valle

ERIC
Perne

66

letting them sit for a day, then add
enough liquid to create a gelatinous
mass that they form into small pat-
ties. Lemon, boiled water, chicha
(Sp., 'maize beer') with a little cane
alcohol and sugar, and tea with sugar
were each suggested for moistening
the ashes. After drying in the air for
a day or so, these cakes are conve-
niently stored, carried, and traded.
Coca is offered for sale in the
Chinchero Sunday market and the
Cusco market. Coca functions as a
nutritious element of daily diet; so-
cially, as a medium for hospitality,
exchange, and conversation; as a
marker of ethnic identity; and ritu-
ally, as an offering to and expression
of respect for the entire range of local
and universal spiritual forces. Coca
leaves are "thrown" (repeatedly cast)
and "viewed" (interpreted, Qu. qha-
way) in divinatory activity. Com-
munity members consult coca spe-
cialists for help in understanding a
wide range of problems, particularly
identifying thieves. The shapes, con-
ditions, textures, and size of the
leaves provide clues, as well as their
orientation in space and to other
leaves. When coca is not available,
kernels of corn are sometimes used
in a similar way.

The role of coca in Andean life is rap-
idly changing due to the pressures of
the international market for coca de-
rivatives. For a recent discussion of
this problem, see Pacini and Fran-
quemont (1986).

EUPHORBIACEAE

Acalypha aronioides Pax & K. Hoffm.

Andes of southern Peru above 2000 m.
Cuper, 3450-3800 m. Shrub or small tree on
steep hillside and on lightly grazed slopes
above Puqpuq waterfall.
p'ispita (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1446, D1496]
t'asta (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1496]
Stems used to make baskets (G.S.). Plant
has no use (G.P.).

Euphorbia huanchahana (Klotzsch & Garcke)
Boiss.

In the Andes from Peru to Argentina.
Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Lightly grazed slopes

above Puqpuq waterfall.
nunupunqa (Qu., nunu, 'breast') [DI497]
The plant is a strong purgative, especially
the root (G.S.). One taste makes peo-
ple vomit and have diarrhea (G.S.).
It is given to people suffering from
intestinal blockage (Sp., calico) (G.S.).

Euphorbia peplus L.

Native of temperate Eurasia, now a cos-
mopolitan weed.
Cuper, 3330 m. Old rocky field by Puqpuq

brook.

nunupunqa (Qu., nunu, 'breast') [D18I8]
This plant when ingested gives you diar-
rhea (B.G.).

GENTIANACEAE

Gentiana dolichopoda Gilg

Central to southern Peru.
Yanacona, 3750 m. Low herb in fallow field

on moist pampa.
phalcha phalcha (Qu.) [D1626]
pampa phalcha (Qu., pampa, 'flat open

place') [D1626]
Use unknown (G.S.).

Gentiana microphylla Griseb.

Peru.

Yanacona, 3750 m. On edge of boggy wet area
of pampa of fallow and cultivated fields.
pinqayllikista (Qu., 'Have shame!' a com-
mand (G.P.) [D16J8]
Name and use unknown (B.G.) [D1618]
No use reported (G.P.).

Gentiana persquarrosa Reim.

Peruvian Andes.

Ayllu Punqu, 38 10 m. In cracks of large erod-
ed rock called Maranqaqa, and in hard
pasture.

Cuper, 4500 m. On summit of Antakillqa hill-
side.

pinqayllikista (Qu., 'Have shame!' a com-
mand) (N.C., L.P.) [D1378, D1709]
puna phalcha (Qu.) alternate name

(G.S.) [DJ378]
qhillu phalcha (Qu., qhillu, 'yellow')

(G.A.) [D1378]

The flower is said to close up in response
to hearing its name. It is used to make
a tea (N.C., L.P., G.S.), and ground

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

67

-r-

FIG. 25. These plants are gathered and burned; their ashes are made into llipta, an alkaline admixture chewed
with coca: inflorescences of awarunkhu (Puya weberbaueri, D1647), woody stems and leaves of tayanqa (Baccharis
tricuneata, D1521), and suytu (probably Eupatorium volkensii, D1414) (photo S.K.).

raw to make a poultice for toothache
(G.A.).

Gentianella rima (D. Don ex G. Don) Fabris

Peru.

Taucca, 4000-4280 m. Steep rocky slopes.
phalcha (Qu.) (M.H., T.H., G.S.) [D1564,

K227]

Forage for llamas (M.H.); other use un-
known (M.H., G.S.). Used to deco-
rate altars carried in Holy Week
procession (T.H.).

Halenia weddelliana Gilg
Colombia to Peru.

Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
phallcha (Qu.) (M.H.) [D1565]
urqu phalcha (Qu., urqu, 'hill') [D1565]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [DI565]
G.P. identified plant as male by its flower.
Use unknown (M.H., G.P.).

GERANIACEAE

1 rod him cicutarium (L.) L'Her.
Cosmopolitan weed.

Q'erapata, 3800 m. Herb in disturbed soil at

edge of field.

Yanacona, 3750 m. On moist pampa offal-
low and cultivated fields.
quwimira (Qu.) (N.C., B.G., G.S.) [DJ609,

K1630]

Whole plant is a favorite food for guinea
pigs (G.S.). The raw seed capsules
are ground in a rocker mill, then
mixed with boiled water; this drink
is given to women who are suffering
in childbirth to prevent them from
fainting (G.S.).

Geranium patagonicum Hook.f.

Southern Peru to Bolivia and Patagonia.
Cuper, 3 1 00 m. Near stream in quebrada.
chili chili (Qu.) [K262]
Name and use unknown (T.H.) [K262]
Use unknown (G.P.)-

Geranium sessiliflorum Cav.

Peruvian Andes. Also in Tasmania and New
Zealand.

68

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

FIG. 26. M.H. and daughter pulverize ashes of plants to make llipta (photo cere).

Taucca, 4000-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes, cliff

faces and lightly grazed draws.
chili chili (Qu.) [DJ 552, Kl 92]

Possible use as tea to lower fever (M.T.).
Use unknown (G.S.).

Geranium weddellii Briq.

Southern Peru and Bolivia.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
chili chili (Qu.) [D1569]
Used for tea (L.H., M.H.).

GRAMINEAE

Aciachne acicularis Laegaard, sp. nov. ined.

Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia (2700-

4500 m).

Taucca, 4000-4280 m.
paku yunqi (Qu.) [K226]
taruqa nino (Qu., taruqa, 'deer'; Sp., nino,

'child') (U.I.) [K226]
pasto (Sp., 'pasturage') description (T.H.)

[#226]
Use unknown (O.H., T.H., U.I.).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

69

FIG. 27. Liquid is added to the pulverized ashes so that they may be shaped into patties of llipta. Some people
choose to sweeten the mass at this point by adding sugar or honey (photo cere).

Agropyron breviaristatum A. Hitchc.

Andes of southern Peru (Cusco) and adja-
cent Bolivia.
Ayllu Punqu, 3810m. Pockets of large eroded

rock.

pasto (Sp., pasto, 'pasturage') [1 380]
piki piki (Qu.) possible name (Au.Q.)

[D1380]

No other name or use known (N.C., Au.Q.,
G.S.).

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.

In wet places in cooler parts of northern
hemisphere; south in the Andes to Ar-
gentina.
Yanacona, 3750 m. In water on moist pampa

of fallow and cultivated fields.
sonsa pasto (Sp.. zonza, 'stupid'; pasto,

'pasturage') [D1628]
No use reported (G.P.).

Avena sterilis L.

Introduced from Europe.
Cuper. 3810m. Cultivated for fodder in house
courtyard.

yuraqavena (Qu., yuraq, 'white'; Sp., avena,

'oats') [F373]

Said to be an older variety (G.S.).
negro avena (Sp., negro, 'black'; avena,

'oats') [F374]

Variety is said to have been introduced
from the Huaypo cooperative five or
six years ago. Matures quickly (four
to five months). Not preferred for
cultivation, though, since it is said
to be very hot (Sp., calido). If ani-
mals eat too much of it, they can die:
a day later, they stagger, act drunk
or crazy, and have blood in their ur-
ine (M.C.).
Cuper, 3300 m. Grass at edge of garden on

quebrada bottom.
Name and use not recorded [D1766]

Bothriochloa saccharoides (Sw.) Rydb.

Neotropics.
Pirqa Kachun, 3620 m. Dry, open, grazed

rocky ridge.
q'usi niwa (Qu.) [K315]

70

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

FIG. 28. Formed masses of llipta are allowed to dry, then are portable and long-lasting (photo cere).

Fodder (C.R.). Said by C.R. to be the
same as Muhlenbergia rigida.

Brachypodium mexicanum (Roemer & Schultes)
Link

Mexico to Bolivia.
Cuper, 3840 m. On Antasakha, a large rock

outcrop.

ichu (Qu.) [K144]

pasto (Sp., 'pasturage') (T.H.) [K144]
Use unknown (T.H., G.P.).

Calamagrostis glacialis (Wedd.) A. Hitchc.

High Andes of northern Bolivia and south-
ern Peru.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Grass forming dense

tufts on steep, rocky slopes.
ichu (Qu.) (L.H., M.H., G.S.) [D1566]
Llama food (L.H., M.H.).

Cortaderia jubata (Lemaire) Stapf

Peru.
Cuper, 3300 m. By stream at edge of garden

on quebrada floor.
niwa (Qu.) [D1765]
Use unknown (G.P.).

Cortaderia sp. (sect. Cortaderia)

Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. On earthen mound
bordering fallow field by Lake Punqulay.
niwa (Qu.) (B.G.) [D1638]
qhiswa rama (Qu., qhishwa, 'warm area')

(S.J.) [D1638]

Entire plant used to make a tea for coughs
(S.J.). Use unknown (B.G.).

Distichlis sp.

Taucca, 4200-4500 m. Common in high cold

puna above Taucca.
Name and use unknown [F308]

Festuca doiichophylla Presl

High paramos; Ecuador to Bolivia.
Ayllu Punqu, 38 10 m. Grass in cracks of large

eroded rock called Maranqaqa.
ichu (Qu.) [D1392]
Used for thatching roofs (G.P., G.S.).

Festuca quadridentata H.B.K.

Previously known only from Ecuador.
Cuper, 3800 m. Along hedgerows.
sima (Qu.) [D1423]
Use unknown (G.S.).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

71

Festuca sublimis Pilger

High Andes, Ecuador to Bolivia.
Ayllu Punqu, 38 10 m. Grass in cracks of large

eroded rock called Maranqaqa.
ichu(Qu.) [D1392A]
Culms used for thatching roofs (G.P.,

G.S.).
Yanacona, 3750 m. In clumps on moist pam-

pa of fallow and cultivated fields.
q'uya (Qu.) [D1633]
Attached growing culms are braided in
the field (Qu., q'uya sempasqa), then
used as stakes to tether cows (G.P.).
Dried culms are used to make rope
(G.P.).

Hordeum vulgare L.

Cultivated worldwide.

Cuper, 3750 m. Cultivated in field for sale to
the Cerveza Cuzquena (beer) factory.

yana cebada (Qu., yana, 'black'; Sp., ce-
bada, 'barley') [F334]

konder cebada (Qu.?; Sp., cebada, 'bar-
ley') [F335]

crillon cebada (Sp., cebada, 'bar-
ley') [F336]

cebada comun (Sp., cebada, 'barley'; co-
mun, 'common') [F337]

irigo ch'anka (Sp., trigo, 'wheat') [F338A,
F338B]

Lamprothyrsus hieronymi (Kuntze) Pilger

Previously known from Bolivia and Argen-
tina.
Cuper, 3400-3550 m. Grass in dense clumps

on steep, rocky, grazed slopes.
niwa (Qu.) [D1487]
q'usi niwa (Qu.) [D1784]

Used as lower layer of thatch in roofing,
because the leaves have saw-tooth
edges that, it is said, cut the ears off
mice as they try to scamper along the
ceiling (G.S.). It is also used for mak-
ing twisted ropes (Qu., k'iswd), but
is being used less now since tiles are
replacing thatch on roofs, and nails
hold armatures together rather than
rope (G.S.).

Lolium temulentum L.

Native to Eurasia, naturalized in America.
Cuper, 3700 m. In wheat field on hillside in

Waqkata sector of Cuper.
cerizuela (Sp.?) [F333]

Always grows in wheat fields, and may

be the closest thing to a wild grain
that could be said to exist (G.S.).

Melica scabra H.B.K.

Ecuador to Bolivia.

Ayllu Punqu, 3810 m. In cracks of large erod-
ed rock called Maranqaqa.
pasto (Sp., 'pasturage') [D1383]
No other name or use known (G.S.).

Muhlenbergia rigida (H.B.K.) Kunth

Mexico to Argentina.
Pirqa Kachun, 3620 m. Grass on dry, open

grazed rock ridge.
q'usi niwa (Qu.) [K316]
Useful as sheep fodder, and for rope-
making (C.R.).

Nasella pubiflora (Trin. & Rupr.) Desv.

Ecuador to Chile.

Ayllu Punqu, 3810m. In cracks of large erod-
ed rock called Maranqaqa.
pata pata pasto (Qu., pata, 'flat place'; Sp.,

pasto, 'pasturage') (G.S.) [D1394]
ichu (Qu.) (N.C., Au.Q.) [D1382]
Used for thatch (Au.Q.) (figs. 29-30).

Nasella aff. linearifolia (Fourn.) R. Pohl

Cuper, 3450 m. At base of Puqpuq waterfall.
ichu (Qu.) [D1738]
Use unknown (S.J.).

Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.

Introduced for forage from Africa.
Yanacona, 3800 m. Along old road on pampa

of fallow and cultivated fields.
rama, grama (from Sp.) [D1627]
kikuyu (?, 'kikuyu grass') [D1627]
Eaten by all herbivorous animals (G.S.).
This grass is now common through-
out the Cusco area below 4000 m.,
replacing many indigenous species.
Camelids cannot eat it, a factor in
the reduction and marginalization of
camelid herding in the community
of Chinchero.

Poa horridula Pilger

Ecuador to Bolivia.

Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Grass forming small
clumps on steep rocky slopes of Antak-
illqa hillside.
sima pasto (Qu.; Sp., pasto, 'pasturage')

(G.P.) [DJ660]
sima sima qhura (Qu., qhura, 'herb') (N.C.,

B.C.) [D1660]
Use unknown (G.P.).

72

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

FIG. 29. M.C. and neighbor lay bundles of thatch onto a new roof (photo cere).

Poa sp. aff. P. horridula Pilger

Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Grass forming clumps

on steep rock face.
sima (Qu.) [D1555]
Use unknown (G.S.).

Polypogon interruptus H.B.K.

Introduced; native of Mediterranean re-
gion.
Ayllu Punqu, 3750 m. Grass at edge of small

pool near lake.
Cuper, 3800 m. Grass in cultivated potato

field along brook.

sonsa pasto (Sp., zonza, 'stupid'; pasto,
'pasturage') (G.P., G.S.) [D1635,
K119]
pastucha (Sp., pasto, 'pasturage'; Qu., -cha,

'little') (E.G.) [D1635]
pasto de la quebrada (Sp., 'pasturage of the

canyon') (T.H.) [K119]
Eaten by cows (B.G.). Use unknown
(T.H., G.P., G.S.).

Stipa ichu (Ruiz & Pavon) Kunth

Mexico to Argentina at higher elevations.

Cuper, 3450-3500 m. On edge of potato field
on lightly grazed slopes above Puqpuq
waterfall.
niwaq qhura (Qu., qhura, 'herb') (A.Co.,

A.Ca.) [D1503]

iri ichu (Qu., iri, 'fierce' or 'wild') [D1503]

Used for gates and fences (A.Co., A.Ca.).

The designation iri refers to its fine

prickling points; animals will not eat

it (G.S.).

Trisetum sp. aff. preslii Desv.

Peru and Chile.

Ayllu Punqu, 3810m. In cracks of large erod-
ed rock called Maranqaqa.
Name and use not recorded [DI381]
pasto (Sp., 'pasturage') (G.S.) [D1381]

Triticum aestivum L.

Cuper, 3700 m. Cereal cultivated in the
Waqkata sector of Cuper.

Huancapata (Cuper), 3850 m. Cereal culti-
vated in field.

trigo cahuide (Sp., trigo, 'wheat') [F331]
Cultivated in field for use as animal food

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

73

FIG. 30. A.H. thatching a roof. Eucalyptus is laid on the lowermost layer to make the house smell nice. Bundles
of ichu grass are sewn onto the purlins with rope made from twisted, pounded grasses (photo cere).

and human food, such as wheat soup
(Qu., trigo lawd).

asul qitmpa trigo (Sp., azul, 'blue'; trigo,
'wheat'; Qu., qumpa, 'awnless')
[F332]

trigo (Sp., 'wheat') [F340]
Cereal cultivated in field for use as ani-
mal food and human food, as in
wheat soup (Qu., trigo lawd). Seed
was brought from Paucartambo
(G.S., M.H.). Small field was planted
almost entirely to this variety.

Zea mays L.

Native to Mexico, now cultivated world-
wide.

Cuper, 3300 m. Cultivated in garden.
sara (Qu., 'maize') [D1767]
Cultivated for household consumption
(G.P.) (figs. 31-32).

GUTTIFERAE

Hypericum caespitosum Cham. & Schldl.
Peru and Chile.

74

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

n

FIG. 3 1 . S.J. uses a gourd as ladle to test chicha (photo cere).

Yanacona, 1800 m. Fallow fields above new

road.

hayaq pilli (Qu., hayaq, 'bitter' or 'stinging';
pilli refers to the form in which the ray
florets radiate from a central ring, as
feathers do from a headdress) (G.P.,
G.S.) [D1594]

Name unknown (M.H.) [D1594]
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
Name unknown (G.S.) [D1517]
The plant has no use except as sheep fod-
der (M.H., G.P., G.S.).

HYDROCHARITACEAE

Elodea potamogeton (Bertero) Espinosa

Peru.
Cuper, 3750 m. Submerged in slow-moving

creek.
Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. In shallow pools by

Lake Punqulay.
Ch'ussu, 3800 m. In shallow pools by Lake

Piuray.

ch'ankil (Qu.) [D1634, K118, K272]
Used as a tonic (Sp., refrescd) and to bathe
the body (B.C.). Use unknown (G.S.).

HALORRHAGIDACEAE

Myriophyllum quitense H.B.K.

Ecuador to Patagonia, Uruguay.
Yanacona, 3750 m. Submerged aquatic in
moist pampa of fallow and cultivated
fields.

hataqllu (Qu.) [DJ625]
Eaten by cattle (G.P.).

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

Phacelia pinnatifida Griseb.

Southern Peru to Argentina.
Cuper, 3400-3700 m. Steep, rocky slopes and
grazed hillside above Puqpuq waterfall;
below rock cliffs along trail at place called
Wayraqpunku.
suq'a khisa (Qu., suq'a, 'dangerous spirit';

khisa, 'nettle') [F376]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1471]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

75

FIG. 32. M.L. strains boiled jora into a raki (chicha jar) through a layer of ichu (high-altitude grass spp.) on a
basket (photo cere).

Name and use not recorded [DJ783]
Sometimes causes rash, immediately or
several days after handling; not even
animals eat it (S.J., G.S.). Plant was
identified when collected in July,
when it had a very strong unpleasant
odor. Specimens collected in Janu-
ary were not recognized, even by the
same individuals.

Phacelia secunda J. Gmelin

Peru to Chile and Argentina.
Cuper, 3840 m. Rock outcrop called Anta-

sakha.
pampa sutuma (Qu.) suggested name

(G.P.) [K142]

suphu suphucha (Qu., suphu, 'hairy') sug-
gested name (Am.Q., G.S.) [K142]
Name and use unknown (P.P.) [K142]
Use unknown (G.P.).

IRIDACEAE

Hesperoxiphion peruvianum Baker
Peruvian Andes.

Cuper, 3100-3150 m. Somewhat dry slope

with large rocks in quebrada.
Name and use unknown (G.P.) [K241]

Mastigostyla herrerae (Vargas) Ravenna

Peru (Department of Cusco)
Cuper, 3500-3700 m. Antakillqa hillside.
cebolla cebolla (Qu., from Sp. cebolla, 'on-
ion') (G.P.) [K282]

sima sima pasto (Qu.; Sp., pasto, 'pastur-
age') alternate name (C.R.) [K282]
No use for this plant except as cattle fod-
der (G.P., C.R.).

Sisyrinchium caespitificum Knin/lm

Andes of Peru.

Cuper, 3330-3600 m. Forming clumps on
steep wet rock face by brook below
Puqpuq waterfall, and on steep slopes of
Antakillqa hillside below place called As-
nuq Chakin.

pampa sunqu lirio (Qu., pampa sunqu, 'sol-
itary'; Sp., lirio. 'lily') [F267]
Name and use not recorded [D1806]
Plant has no use (G.S.).

76

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Sisyrinchium junceum Meyer

Peru to Chile and Argentina.
Cuper, 3500-38 10 m. Along trail, and on steep

rocky slopes of Antakillqa hillside.
Name and use unknown (G.A., N.C., B.G.,

G.S.) [D135J, D1668]
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
ichu ichu (Qu.) name known only in Taucca

(L.H.) [D1535]

Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1535]
Use unknown (L.H.).

Sisyrinchium laxum Sims

Peru to Chile, Brazil, Uruguay.
Yanacona, 3750 m. Moist pampa of fallow

and cultivated fields.

q'umu q'umu qhura (Qu., q'umu, 'bent over';
qhura, 'herb') suggested name
(G.P.) [D1624]

Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
ichu ichu (Qu.) [Dl 549]
Name unknown (G.S.) [D1549]
Use unknown (G.P., G.S.).

Sisyrinchium praealtum Kranzlin

Southern Peru.

Cuper, 4500 m. Forming dense clumps in thick
grass covering exposed rocks on summit
of Antakillqa hill.
sima sima (Qu.) (L.P.) [Dl 702]
Name and use unknown (E.G.) [D1702]
Use unknown (L.P.).

Sisyrinchium pusillum H.B.K.

Ecuador and Peru.

Cuper, 3500-3700 m. Grassy slope of Anta-
killqa hillside.
Name and use unknown (B.C., Am.Q., P.P.,

C.R., G.S.) [K287]
Similar to sara sara (Am.Q., G.S.).

JUGLANDACEAE

Juglans neotropica Diels

Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela.
nogal (Sp., 'walnut tree') not collected

Brought from Urquillos at the lowest bor-
der of Chinchero to be sold in the
Sunday market for a dye giving a
brown which is currently the most
common color of Chinchero men's
ponchos. Skeins of yarn are steamed
for hours over large quantities of
bruised nogal leaves. Darker brown
shades from yarn on the bottom of

the pot are striped with lighter shades
from the top of the pot in warping
the poncho.

JUNCACEAE

Juncus dombeyanus C. Gay ex Laharpe

Ecuador to Chile, Argentina and Uruguay.
Yanacona, 3750 m. Herb in moist soil in old
field along brook below Chinchero ruins.
pampa khuyu (Qu.) [K123]
Name and use unknown (T.H.) [K123]
Use unknown (G.S.).

Juncus imbricatus Laharpe

In the Andes from Colombia to Chile and

Argentina; South Africa; Australia.
Cuper, 3750 m. In moist fallow fields and

shallow water in meadow along brook.
khuchi much'u (Qu., khuchi, 'pig'; much'u,

'nape of neck') [K121]
rama rama (Qu.) alternate name

(T.H.) [K121]

Name draws comparison between the
plant and the way the hairs stick up
on the back of a pig's neck (G.S.).
Use unknown (T.H., G.S.).

Juncus tenuis Willd. var. platycaulos (H.B.K.)
Buchenau

Species is North American, spread to South
America, Europe, Australia, N. Zea-
land.

Yanacona, 3750 m. In fallow and cultivated

fields along old road across moist pampa.

caballuq muchun (Qu. from Sp., caballuq,

'horse's'; muchun, 'nape of neck')

[D1617]

totora (Qu.) (B.G.)
Use unknown (B.G., G.P.).

Luzula racemosa Desv.

Colombia to Chile.

Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Steep rocky slopes of

Antakillqa hillside.
q'umu q'umu (Qu., q'umu, 'bent over')

(U.I.) [D1561, D1646]
ichu ichu (Qu.) (N.C., B.G.) [D1646]
Name unknown (G.A.) [D1646]
Sold by local vendors in Chinchero Sun-
day market. The flower is used to
make a tea for cough (G.A., G.S.),
for sideache (Sp., costado) (B.G.), and
for backache (U.I.).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

77

KRAMERIACEAE

Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet & Simpson

Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 3 1 00-3 1 50 m. Herb on somewhat dry

slope with large rocks.
chinchamali (Qu.) (G.P., B.Q.) [K242]
pinku pinku (Qu.) alternate name

(T.H.) [K242]

Woody stems of this plant are sold in the
Chinchero Sunday market for wom-
en's use to induce menstrual bleed-
ing (B.Q.). The roots provide a dye
(G.P.); if nogal(Sp., Juglans neotro-
picd) is overdyed with chinchamali,
the brown takes on a rosy hue (T.H.).
Our dye experiments with this plant
produced a series of rose to tan colors.

LABIATAE

Hedeoma mandonianum Wedd.

Andes of Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Low herb on rock at
place called Masuk'ayuq and other areas
on steep Antakillqa hillside.
pampa khuhuqa (Qu.) (E.G., L.P.,

G.S.) [D1538, D1689]
Name unknown (T.L.) [F300]
Name and use unknown (G.A.) [D1689]
The whole plant is boiled to make a tea
(L.P.) for stomachache (E.G., T.L.).
Grazed by animals on pampas (G.S.).
Taucca, 4000-4280 m. Steep rocky slopes,

moist cliff among mosses.
Name and use not recorded [K229]

I .amium amplexicaule L.

Widespread temperate weed, naturalized

from Europe.
Taucca, 4000-4280 m.
corbojo (Qu., from Sp.) [K218]
Use unknown (O.H.).

Lepechinia floribunda (Benth.) Epling

Peru to Argentina.
Cuper, 3100-3150 m. Somewhat dry slopes

with large rocks.
dsul nuqchu (Qu. from Sp., azul, 'blue')

[K259]
Urquillos, approx. 3 1 00 m. Along road at place

called Erapata.
sach 'a salvia (Qu., sach 'a, 'tree'; Sp., salvia)

suggested name (S.J., G.S.) [F327]
Use unknown (S.J., G.P., G.S.).

Lepechinia meyenii (Walp.) Epling

Peru to Argentina.
Yanacona, 3750 m. Fallow field on moist

pampa.
Taucca, 4050 m. Disturbed soil near brook

in community center.
salvia (Sp.) [D1581, D1622]

Consumed as a tea, for breakfast (M.H.),
or to treat intestinal blockage (Sp.,
calicos) (G.S.) or stomachache (B.G.).

Minthostachys glabrescens (Benth.) Epling

Ecuador and Peru.

Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Steep rocky slopes along
stream in quebrada above Puqpuq wa-
terfall.

muna (Qu.) [D1476]
Used as a fragrant herb in soups or lunch
plates (G.S.).

Salvia dombeyi Epling

Andes of Peru and Bolivia.
Ch'usu, 3800 m. Tall herb near edge of stream.
nuqchu (Qu.) [K278]
This species of Salvia is cultivated, al-
though this individual plant was no
longer cared for. The plant with its
showy, red flowers is wound around
the arms of the figure of Christ for
the Holy Week processions (T.H.).

Salvia oppositiflora Ruiz & Pavon

Peruvian Andes.

Cuper, 3600-3700 m. Shrub along trail.
salvia nuqchu (Qu., from Sp., salvia, 'sage')

(G.P.) [D1436]
puka nuqchu (Qu., puka, 'red')

(G.S.) [D1436, D1442]
saqraq nuqchu (Qu., saqraq, 'devil's')

(G.P.) [D1442]
Use unknown (G.S., G.P.).
Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. Erect herb on

dry hillside.

nuqchu (Qu.) (C.R.) [K310]
During Holy Week, the red flowers are
gathered by children and thrown on
the figure of Christ in processions to
represent his blood. The streets of
Cusco are red with corollae of Salvia
oppositiflora thrown to the figure
from balconies during processions of
the fiesta of Corpus.

Salvia rhombifolia Ruiz & Pavon
Central and southern Peru.

78

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Pirqa Kachun, 3750 m. Herb in packed soil

in old field.

nuqchu (Qu.) (G.S.) [K294]
yerba de cancer (Sp., 'herb for sores') alter-
nate name (C.R.) [K294]
Use unknown (C.R., G.S.).

Salvia sarmentosa Epling

Peru and Chile.

Cuper, 3700 m. Shrub along trail.
asul nuqchu (Qu. from Sp., azul,

'blue') [D1435]
Use unknown (G.S.).

Salvia verbenacea L.

Native of Europe and North Africa. Nat-
uralized in Peru, Argentina, and Uru-
guay.
Q'erapata, 3800 m. Herb at edge of field.

alosima (from Sp., alhucema, 'lavender,'
Lavandula sp.) possible name
(G.S.) [D1605]

yerba de cancer (Sp., 'herb for sores') pos-
sible name (N.C., E.G.) [D1605]
Plant is a 'mint' but not used (G.S.).

Satureja boliviana (Benth.) Brig.

Peru to Argentina.
Yanacona, 3810 m. Shrub on rock outcrop

called Sakarara below Albergue.
khunuqa (Qu.) [D1400]
Tea made from the leaves is drunk for
stomachaches (G.P.) or colds (G.S.).
Crushing the leaves and sniffing them
reportedly is also helpful for colds
(G.S.). Fresh herb is used in cooking
sopa de ch'uhu (soup made from
freeze-dried potatoes) (N.C.). Along
with ichu (Festuca spp.), this plant is
placed in large quantities with po-
tatoes during storage in order to pro-
tect them from insects which are re-
pelled by the odor (N.C.). Similar to
muna (Qu.) (Au.Q., G.S.).
Cuper, approx. 3750 m. Fragrant shrub along

trail in place called Wayraq Punku.

khunuqa (Qu.) [F260]

To store oca or potatoes, spread khunuqa

on the ground, then put the tubers

on top of it before covering with ichu.

Khunuqa is said to repel worms (Sp.,

gusanos). Used especially with oca,

which are particularly subject to

worm attack. Also used to make tea

for resfriados (Sp., 'colds'), as is muna

(Qu., Minthostachys glabrescens).
Muna is used in soups, but khunuqa
is not.

Stachys aperta Epling

Central and southern Peru.
Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb near albergue in

community center.
Cuper, 3800 m. Herb along trail.
yerba de cancer (Sp., 'herb for sores'; pro-
nunciation varies to yawar kan-
sir) [D1444, D1676]
As a tea, this is a useful treatment for
those who have drunk too much tra-
go (Sp., 'cane alcohol') and for infla-
macion (Sp.) (B.G.). Leaves are
steeped with milk and applied to sur-
face ulcers (G.S.), and used to wash
out wounds (Qu., khiri) and sores
(G.A.). Also used for mate (G.P.).
No Quechua name was reported.

LEGUMINOSAE

Adesmia miraflorensis E. A. Remy

Peru and Bolivia to Patagonia.
Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Subshrub on lightly

grazed slopes above Puqpuq waterfall.
Name and use unknown (B.G., G.S.)
[D1506]

Adesmia muricata (Jacq.) DC. var. muricata

Peru south to Chile and Patagonia; eastern

Brazil.
Pirqa Kachun, approx. 3800 m. Spreading vine

on hillside.

Name unknown [F323]
Used to treat illnesses of livestock (G.S.).

Astragalus garbancillo Cav.

Peru to Argentina.

Cuper, 3810m. Common weedy shrub in open
fields and on hedgerows along trail im-
mediately above community.
q'ira (Qu.) (G.P., G.S.) [D1358]

Boiled with cane alcohol and rubbed on
the legs to relieve pain (G.P.).

Astragalus uniflorus DC.

Peru and Bolivia.

Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Spreading herb form-
ing low dense mats on steep rocky slopes
above community.
tarwi tarwi (Qu.) possible name

(G.S.) [D1518]

Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1518,
D1568]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

79

hanq'as (Qu.) (M.H.) [D1568]
Eaten by sheep (M.H.).

Astragalus weddellianus (Kuntze) I. M. Johnston
Cusco, Puno to Tucuman and Catamarca

of Argentina.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb forming tufts on

steep rocky slopes above community.
wana husqa (Qu., wana, 'small in stature')

(L.H.) [D1551]

Useful to treat sprained or twisted ankles
(chaki q'imukaq, Qu.) (L.H.). This
plant is called q'ira in the central
communities of Chinchero, but is
called husqa in Taucca (L.H., G.S.).

Cologania pulchella H.B.K.

Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 3100 m. Plant vining on shrubs in

moist maize garden.
wilk'u (Qu.) [K257]
Use unknown (G.P.).

Crotalaria incana Ruiz & Pavon

Probably native to Neotropics; now
throughout tropical and subtropical re-
gions.

Cuper, 3 100-3 1 50 m. Herb spreading to erect
among large rocks on somewhat dry slope
in quebrada.

alfalfa (Sp.) possible name (G.P.) [K255]
ch'ullkus (Qu.) possible name

(T.H.) [K255]
Use unknown (T.H., G.P.).
Urquillos, 3100 m. Spreading woody herb on

steep hillside above town.
Name and use not recorded [F325]

Dalea exilis DC.

Peru.
Cuper, 3100-3150 m. Herb on lower slopes

of Antakillqa hillside.
husqa (Qu.) [K246]

qhishwa pimpinilla (Qu., qhishwa, 'warm
area'; Sp., pimpinela, 'burnet') alter-
nate name (Am.Q., G.S.) [K246]
pavitos (Qu.) (B.C.) [K246]

Twists and sprains are treated with a
poultice made of the young plant to-
gether with wheat flour and other
plants: ch'iri ch'iri (Grindelia boli-
viano), leaves of ch 'ilka (Baccharis
latifolia), yawar ch'unqa (various
spp.), puma tanqa (Azorella multi-
fida) (P.P.). Use unknown (Am.Q.,
B.C., G.S.).

Dalea pazensis Rusby

Peru and Bolivia.
Perga Kachun, 3000-3300 m. Erect herb along

trail.

husqa [K309b]
pampa husqa (Qu., pampa, 'flat open space';

also 'low-growing') [K309b]
Used for a warm (not hot) bath (C.R.).

Dalea smithii (J.F. Macbr.) J.F. Macbr.

Southern Peru.
Urquillos, approx. 3100 m. Erect herb along

road at place called Erapata.
binbinilla (Qu., from Sp. pimpinela, 'bur-
net') [F326]
Drunk in tea.

Lathyrus longipes Philippi

Peru to Chile and Argentina.
Cuper, 3500-3900 m. Climbing, twining vine
along trail and at place called Chaqch-
akillaychimpa and other areas of steep
rocky slopes of Antakillqa hillside.
albergascha (Qu., from Sp. arvejas, 'peas';

Qu., -cha, 'little') [F288A]
pavitos (Qu.) (G.A., B.G., G.P.) [D1439,

D1643]
hatun pawitus (Qu., hatun, 'big') (N.C.,

E.G.) [D1643]

pampa pavitos (Qu., pampa, 'flat open
space'; also 'low-growing') (L.P.)
[D1695]

puna pawituscha (Qu., puna, 'high area';

-cha, 'little') alternate name [F288A]

puna pimpinilla (Qu., puna, 'high area'; from

Sp. pimpinela, 'burnet') [F288A]
The plant is steeped to make a tea to treat
ailments such as 'black cough' (Qu.,
yana ukhuri), a child's ailment which
causes them to hunch over (G.A.,
B.G.). The flowers are ornamental
(L.P.). Use unknown (T.L.). Plant
(D1439) has no use and is the 'same'
as D1438 (Vicia andicold) (G.P.).

Lupinus aff. hornemanii Agardh

Ecuador and Peru.

Cuper, 3500-3800 m. Woody-based shrub on

steep, rocky, grassy, somewhat scrubby

slopes of Antakillqa hillside.

hanq 'as (Qu.) (N.C., B.C., G.S.) [DJ433]

macho tarwi (Sp., macho, 'male'; Qu., tar-

wi, 'lupine') (G.P.) [D1670]
This plant is recognized in Chinchero as
a feral form of tarwi (Qu., Lupinus

80

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

mutabilis). Leaves are useful to treat
sprained ankles (N.C., B.C.). Use
unknown (G.P., L.P., G.S.).

Lupinus mutabilis Sweet

Cultivated from Colombia to Bolivia.
Pukamarka, 3800 m. Herb cultivated for edi-
ble seeds in fields next to Lake Piuray.
ruyaq tarwi (Qu., ruyaq, 'white'; pronun-
ciation varies to tawri) [K151]
Flowers white. Has a better taste (more
'sweet,' Qu., k'aynd) than dsul tarwi
(K152) (Jo.C). To be edible, seed must
be detoxified by soaking in water for
one day, then boiling for one hour,
then soaking for six more days (Jo.C.).
This variety is planted in September,
harvested in June (Jo.C.). Seed for this
crop was purchased in Cusco and
came from Paucartambo (Jo.C.). The
seed harvested from this variety
brings a higher price in Cusco than
that of dsul tarwi (K152) (Jo.C.).
tarwi (Qu.) [K152]
dsul tarwi (Qu. from Sp., azul,

'blue') [K152]

Flowers blue. To be edible, seed must be
detoxified by soaking in water for one
day, then boiling for one hour, then
soaking for ten more days (Jo.C.). This
variety, like ruyaq tarwi, is planted
in September, harvested in June
(Jo.C).

Seeds of Lupinus mutabilis (Qu., tarwi) contain
high levels of quinolizidine alkaloids which are
removed in the process of soaking, boiling, and
further soaking described above. The seeds are
then peeled and eaten raw, or cooked as an ingre-
dient in soups or stews. Yuraq tarwi (K15J), a
cultivar with white flowers, was recognized as being
sweeter (Qu., k'aynd) than the blue-flowered cul-
tivar (K152), requiring less processing, and selling
for a higher price in Cusco. Both crops are planted
in September and harvested in June.

Lupinus prostratus Agardh

Peru (Junin).
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb on steep rocky

slopes above community.
tarwi tarwi (Qu., tarwi, Lupinus mutabilis)

(M.T.) [D1567]
hanq'as (Qu.) possible name

(G.S.) [DJ567]

Use unknown (G.S., M.T.). G.S. noted
that although the Taucca name tarwi

tarwi seemed logical to him, he had
never heard it before and felt that
hanq'as would also be a logical name.

Lupinus ail. prostratus Agardh

Peru (Junin).
Cuper, 4500 m. Herb on summit of Antaki-

llqa hill.

hanq'as (Qu.) [D1723]
Use unknown (L.P.).
Taucca, 5000 m. Low spreading herb along

trail in puna.

pampa hanq'as (Qu., pampa, 'low-grow-
ing') [F360]
Plant has no use (E.G., Au.Q., G.S., J.S.).

Medicago hispida Gaertner

Introduced weed, native of Europe.
Yanacona, 3750 m. Low herb in old field along

brook below Chinchero ruins.
trebol (Sp. , 'clover') [Kl 1 5]
The plant has no use or Quechua name
(T.H., G.S.).

Medicago lupulina L.

Introduced weed, native of Europe.
Yanacona, 3750 m. Herb from stout roots in
old field along brook below Chinchero
ruins.
falso alfalfa (local Sp., 'false alfalfa')

(G.S.) [K122]
alfalfa (Sp.) (T.H.) [K122]
Use unknown (T.H., G.S.).

Medicago sativa L.

Introduced weed, native of Europe.
Cuper, 3300 m. Herb on side of small maize

field on quebrada floor.
alfa alfa (Qu., from Sp. 'alfalfa') [D1760]

Use unknown (G.P.).

Melilotus indica (L.) All.

Cosmopolitan weed, native of Europe.
Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Herb at edge of small
potato field on lightly grazed slopes above
Puqpuq waterfall.

alfa (Qu., from Sp. 'alfalfa') [D1505]
alfa alfa (Qu., from Sp. 'alfalfa') [D1505]
alfalfa falsa (Sp., 'false alfalfa') [D1505]
Eaten by animals (G.S.).

Phaseolus augustii Harms

Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 3 1 00 m. Wild vine in small moist maize

field in quebrada.
willk'u (Qu., 'vine') (P.P.) [K254]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

81

ambar ambar (Qu., from Sp. ambar, 'am-
ber') (P.P.) [K254]
wihuhu (Qu., from Sp. bejuco, 'vine')

(Am.Q.) [K254]

Name and use unknown (B.G.) [K254]
A troublesome weed that, as P.P. de-
scribed it, "mata maiz y pats' (Sp.,
'kills maize and country'). The plant
is said to be able to kill a tree by
strangling it (P.P., Am.Q.).

Pisum sativum L.

Introduced crop plant, native to Europe or

Near East.
Pukamarka, 3800 m. Cultivated in fields next

to Lake Piuray.
albergas blancas (local Sp., arvejas, 'peas';

blancas, 'white') [K164]
albergas rojas (local Sp., arvejas, 'peas'; ro-
jas, 'red' [K165]

Varieties distinguished by flower color:
white (blancas) and red (rojas). Al-
though J.C. obtained the seed for
both crops from his family, rather
than purchasing it, he noted that al-
bergas rojas were an 'old' (Sp., an-
tigud) traditional variety. The seeds
of the newer variety, albergas blan-
cas, are larger and more prolific than
those of albergas rojas.

Psoralea pubescens Pers.

Central and southern Peru.
Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Woody shrub at edge
of small potato field on lightly grazed
slopes above Puqpuq waterfall.
wallwa (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1501]
nunumiya (Qu., hunu, 'breast,' 'milk')

(A.Ca., A.Co.) [D1501]
Useful only as fuel (A.Ca., A.Co., G.S.).

Senna versicolor (Vog.) Irwin & Barneby

Ecuador to Bolivia.
Cuper, 3810 m. Shrub along trailside, often

in hedgerows, above Chinchero center.
muthuy (Qu.) [D1365]
This common plant has a wide variety of
uses. Juice squeezed from the plant
into washwater is used to wash hair
in the morning (N.C.). A poultice of
muthuy together with the spines of
k'aqlla uchu uchu (Qu., a cactus, cf.
Opuntia) is used to treat a a tooth-
ache (N.C.). If you have been passed
over by the wind, burn a little mu-
thuy and rub it on your face (G.P.).

Children are bathed in water con-
taining fresh leaves of muthuy to fight
fever.

Spartium junceum L.

Introduced. Native to Mediterranean re-
gion.
Cuper, 3810 m. Shrub along trailside, often

in hedgerows, above Chinchero center.
retama (Sp.) [D1339]
Flowers are rubbed together and added
to maize beer (Sp., chichd) to make
it more intoxicating (G.P.). Plant has
no Quechua name.

Trifolium amabile H.B.K. var. amabile

Mexico to Patagonia.

Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Herb at edge of potato
field on lightly grazed steep rocky slopes
above Puqpuq waterfall.
Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb from deep taproot
on dry steep rocky pastured slope facing
Chinchero ruins.

layu (Qu.) (G.P., G.S.) [D1499, K124]
layu layu (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1499]
Used as fodder (T.H., G.S.) and as tea
(G.S.). Use unknown (G.P.).

Trifolium amabile H.B.K. var. pentlandii Ball

Peru.

Taucca, 4000-4280 m. Above community.
layu (Qu.) [K228]
Use unknown (T.H.).

Vicia andicola H.B.K.

Andes, Venezuela to Peru.
Q'erapata, 3800 m. Herb in moist soil near

Ashnapuquio spring (DJ612).
Cuper, 3500-3900 m. Climbing herb on steep
rocky slopes of Antakillqa hillside
(D1684,D1666) and in quebrada above
Puqpuq waterfall (D1469).
pavitos (Qu.) (N.C., B.G.) [D1612, D1666]
pawituscha (Qu.) (B.G.) [D1666]
puna pavitos (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1469]
pampa pavitos (Qu.) (G.S., L.P.) [D1612,

D1684]
una pawituscha (Qu., una, 'little')

(B.G.) [D1684]

pavititos (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1438, D1666]
Taken as a tea for cough (B.G., L.P., G.S.).
Leaves and stem can be chewed like
coca (B.G.). G.P. commented that
the plant is of no use, and that D1438
was the same as D1439 (Lathyrus
longipes).

82

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Vicia faba L.

Introduced crop plant, probably native to

Southwest Asia.
Pukamarka, 3800 m. Herb cultivated in fields

next to Lake Piuray.
habas blancas (Sp., habas, 'favas'; blanca,

'white') [K159]
Flowers white. Stems and fruits white

(Jo.C).

puka habas (Qu., puka, 'red'; local Sp., ha-
bas, 'favas') [K160]
Flowers white. Stem and fruits red (Jo.C.).
q'umir habas (Qu., q'umir, 'green'; local Sp.,

habas, 'favas') (Jo.C.) [K162]
Flowers white.
puquchun habas (Qu., puquchun, 'ripen!';

local Sp., habas, 'favas') [K166]
Flowers white. This variety produces
greater quantity of large seeds (Jo.C.).
paluqu habas (Qu.; local Sp., habas, 'favas')

(G.P.) [K167]
Flowers white. Plants shorter in stature

than most other varieties.
Cuper, 3810 m. Herb cultivated in field on

trailside.

habas (Sp., 'favas') [D1366]
This variety is planted after first heavy
rain in November, harvested in May
(G.P.).

Ayllu Punqu (K'aparay), 3800 m. Cultivated
herb in fields in terraced, irrigated fields
next to Lake Piuray.

q'umir habas (Qu., q'umir, 'green'; Sp., ha-
bas, 'favas') [K266]
Flowers cream.

Although an introduced cultigen, some quantity
of Vicia faba is planted by all residents of Chinch-
ero. Fresh habas are eaten in a variety of ways,
including soups, stews, and mixed vegetable dish-
es. Habas are also dried for long-term storage, then
eaten either after roasting over the fire in a ceramic
"toasting pot" (Sp., tostaderd) or after soaking and
boiling, a form called phuspha (Qu.). Both forms
are conveniently portable, wrapped in a small cloth
(Qu., unkhund) made for that purpose , and are
often taken to eat while in the fields, walking, or
traveling. As are tubers and maize kernels, habas
are always peeled before eating. Habas are har-
vested (and dried if desired) as whole plants. Once
dry, only the seeds are stored.

Vicia graminea Sm.

Mexico to Patagonia.
Cuper, approx. 3700 m. Vining herb on steep

pastured slopes of Antakillqa hillside, at
place called Chaqchakillaychimpa.
puna pimpinilla (Qu., puna, 'high area'; from

Sp. pimpinela, 'burnet') [F288B]
albergascha (Qu., from Sp. arvejas,

'peas') [F288B]
puna pawituscha (Qu.) alternate

name [F288B]
pavitos [of some kind] suggested

name [F272B]
Use unknown (T.L.).

LEMNACEAE

Lemna gibba L.

Widely distributed in both hemispheres.
Ayllu Punqu (K'aparay), 3800 m. Aquatic herb
floating on shallow pools on terraced, ir-
rigated area next to Lake Piuray.
Name and use unknown (T.H.,
G.S.) [K270A]

Lemna minuscula Herter

Widely distributed in New World.
Ayllu Punqu (K'aparay), 3800 m. Aquatic herb
floating on shallow pools on terraced, ir-
rigated area next to Lake Piuray.
Name and use unknown (T.H.,
G.S.) [K270B]

LILIACEAE

Anthericum eccremorrhizum Ruiz & Pavon

Ecuador and Peru.

Cuper, 3450-3840 m. Herb on rock ledge
(K143), on steep rocky slopes of Antak-
illqa hillside (D1667), and on bank above
Puqpuq waterfall (D1743).
khuchi khuchi (Qu., khuchi, 'pig') (S.J.,

G.P.) [D1667, D1743]
sara sara (Qu., sara, 'maize') (N.C., E.G.,

G.S.) [D1667, D1743]
Name and use not recorded [KJ43]
People play with the little roots of this
plant and call them 'pigs' (S.J.). Use
unknown (N.C., B.G., G.P., G.S.).

Anthericum herrerae Killip

Department of Cusco, Peru.
Yanacona, 3750-3800 m. In fallow fields and

at place called Q'allas.
khuchi khuchi (Qu., khuchi, 'pig')

(G.S.) [D1595]

Name unknown (M.H.) [D1595]
Name and use unknown [F257B]
The roots are said to resemble little pigs

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

83

being nursed by their mother (G.S.).
Plant is eaten by sheep (M.H.).

Nothoscordum andicola Kunth

Peru to Chile and Argentina.
Cuper, 38 10 m. Herb in cracks of large eroded
rock outcrop called Maranqaqa in Inca
ruins.

phuya phuya (Qu.) (G.P.) [DJ389]
ch'ullkus (Qu.) alternate name (U.I.,

Al.Q.) [D1389]

pampa ch'ullku (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1389]

Roots are chopped and used like onions

in cooking; people in Chacan (Calca)

eat them frequently (G.P., Al.Q., G.S.,

U.I.)- Bulb has strong odor of onion.

Nothoscordum fictile J. F. Macbr.

Southern Peru.

Yanacona, Wachuna (above Rajchi), 3750-
3800 m. Low herb on moist pampa of
fallow and cultivated fields.
puya puya (Qu.) [D1593, D1621]

A small variety (G.S.). Plant has no use
(B.G., G.S.).

LINACEAE

Linum oligophyllum Willd.

Ecuador and Peru.

Cuper, 3360-3800 m. Short shrub along trail
(D1430)\ low herb among grasses on steep
slope at Puqpuq waterfall (D1800).
lluq'i lluq'i (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1430]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1430]
Name and use not recorded [D1800]
The entire plant is ground up and applied
topically for back pain (G.P.).

LOASACEAE

Caiophora cirsiifolia Presl

Southern Peru.

Cuper, 38 1 m. In cracks of large eroded rock.
puka t'ika khisa (Qu., puka, 'red'; t'ika,
'flower'; khisa, 'nettle') (N.C.,
A.Co.) [D1390]

The flower is made into a tea with other
ortigas (Sp., 'nettles') as a treatment
for measles (N.C.). The plant is
rubbed on the head for headache.

Caiophora rosulata (Wedd.) Urban & Gilg

Southern Peru.

Cuper, 4500 m. Herb on summit of Antaki-
llqa hill.

puka t'ikaq khisa (Qu., puka, 'red'; t'ikaq,
'flowered'; khisa, 'nettle') (G.A.,
L.P.) [D1706]

chunchu khisa (Qu., chunchu, 'jungle na-
tive') alternate name (B.G.) [D1706]
The plant is drunk as a tea (L.P.) for head-
ache (G.A.). Tea made from the
flower of this plant is drunk for ail-
ments of the side (Sp., costadd)
(B.G.).

Caiophora stenocarpa Urban & Gilg

Southern Peru.

Cuper, 3370-3400 m., 3750 m. Herb on steep
grazed rocky slopes, and vining among
shrubby weeds on large sculptured rock
outcrop called Chinkana.
puka t'ikayuq khisa (Qu., puka, 'red';
t'ikayuq, 'flowered'; khisa, 'net-
tle') [D1736]

puka t'ikaq khisan china (Qu., china, 'fe-
male') [F265]

Name and use not recorded [D1779]
Flower used to make a purely cool (Sp.,
fresco) tea (S.J.). Use unknown (G.S.).
D1736 said by G.S. to be a yellow-
flowered class of 'red-flowered net-
tle' (Qu., puka t'ikayuq khisa). F265
said by G.S. to have no use, and to
be female (Qu., china) because of its
small flowers, hairs which are only
mildly urticating, and vining rather
than erect habit.

Loasa cuzcoensis Killip

Southern Peru (Department of Cusco).
Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb on rock wall near

Albergue.
angel tawna (Sp.; Qu., tawna, 'cane')

[D1673]
angel tawnin (Sp.; Qu., tawnin, 'cane')

[D1673]

The entire plant is boiled as a tea to cure
kidney ailments (G.S.) or made into
a tea given to children (G.A.). It is
also a cure for ailments of the side
(Sp., costadd) (N.C., B.C.).

Mentzelia fendleriana Urban & Gilg

Venezuela south to Bolivia.
Cuper, 3100-3150 m. Among large rocks on

somewhat dry quebrada slope.
Urquillos, 3 100 m. Along road at place called

Erapata.

ayaq t'ikan (Qu., ayaq, 'corpse's'; t'ikan,
'flower') (S.J., G.S.) [F328]

84

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Name and use unknown (E.G., Am.Q., P.P.,

G.S.) [K239]

Similar plant in lowlands is called plan-
cha plancha (Sp., plancha, 'press')
because its leaves stick to your pants
(Am.Q., G.S.). Similar to kiku (Qu.)
(E.G.). Use unknown (S.J., G.S.).

LOGANIACEAE

Buddleja coriacea Remy

Central Peru to Bolivia.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Tree around houses

in community.
puna kiswar (Qu.) [D1576]

This tree is encouraged and protected for
its decorative value and use as wood
for fires and construction (L.H.,
M.H., G.S.).

Buddleja incana Ruiz & Pavon

Central and southern Peru.
Cuper, 3810 m. Tree in house courtyard.
kiswar (Qu.) [F372]
This tree is planted from cuttings; it grows
very fast, and can be cut every two
years for construction uses (M.C.).

MALVACEAE

Acaulimalva engleriana (Ulbrich) Krapov.

Peruvian Andes.

Cuper, 3700-3800 m. At edges of potato fields
and in fallow fields on hillsides called
Llaqtak'ata.

altea (from Spanish, 'Malva sp.') [F368]
Only the 'skin' (Qu., qhara, 'epidermis')
of the roots is boiled to make a cool
(Sp., fresco) tea to treat illnesses of
heat (Sp., calor). The pith, which is
said to be hot, is thrown away. Tea
is also made with ground habas ( Vi-
cia faba).

Acaulimalva nubigena (Walp.) Krapov.

Peru to Argentina.
Taucca, 4000 m. Low herb in plowed field in

puna.
Name and use unknown [F371]

Acaulimalva all", rauhii (Hochr.) Krapov.

Peru (Junin, La Libertad and Cusco).
Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill.
altea (from Spanish, 'Malva sp'.) [F287]
Only the skin (Qu., qhara, 'epidermis')
of the roots is boiled to make a cool
(Sp., fresco) tea to treat illnesses of

heat (Sp., calor). The pith, which is
said to be hot, is thrown away. Tea
is also made with ground habas ( Vi-
ciafaba).

Malva parviflora L.

Cosmopolitan weed.

Cuper, 3800 m. Weedy herb in rich disturbed
soil of old pigyard in courtyard of in-
formant.
malvas (local Sp., malva, 'mallow')

[K206]

To treat liver problems and yellow fever,
a rag is soaked in malvas extract and
tied around the stomach (G.P.).

Nototriche aff. aristata A. W. Hill

Peru.
Taucca, 42004500 m. Locally common in

small canyons and very wet areas.
Name and use unknown [F309]

Nototriche aff. epileuca A.W. Hill

Known from Departments of Cusco and

Ancash, Peru.
Taucca, 5000 m. Low herb along trail in puna,

near pass between Taucca and Calca.
altea (Sp., * Malva sp.') [F362]

Use unknown (E.C., Au.Q., G.S., J.S.).

Nototriche longirostris (Wedd.) A. W. Hill

Central Peru to Bolivia.
Taucca, 4050 m. Herb in wet soil along brook

around community.
Name and use unknown (M.H., G.S.)

[D1583]

Use limited to forage for sheep and lla-
mas (M.H.). Similar to akakapisu
(Qu.) but lacks the characteristic
smell of excrement (G.S.).

Nototriche aff. pearcei (E. G. Baker) A.W. Hill

Central and southern Peru.
Cuper, 4500 m. Low herb on slopes and on
flat area on summit of Antakillqa hillside.
turphuy (Qu.) (G.P., L.P.) [D1725, F201]
turpay (Qu.) (G.S.) [F277, F286]
Name and use unknown (G.A.) [D1725]
Used to treat pain of kidneys and of the
area around the waist (L.P.). Whole
plant used to make a tea to treat
cough (G.S.).

Urocarpidium shepardae (Johnston) Krapov.

Peru to Argentina.
Cuper, 3800 m. Weedy herb in rich disturbed

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

85

soil of old pigyard in courtyard of in-
formant.

ruphu(Qu.) [K205]
Use limited to forage for pigs and other
animals (G.P.).

Urocarpidium aff. shepardae (Johnston) Krapov.

Cusco, Peru.

Cuper, 3800 m. Weedy herb in rich disturbed
soil of old pigyard in courtyard of in-
formant.

ruphu(Qu.) [K207]
frutilla (Sp., 'strawberry) possible name

(T.H.) [K207]

Use limited to forage for pigs and other
animals (G.P.).

MELASTOMATACEAE

Brachyotum grisebachii Cogn.

Peru.
Cuper, altitude unknown. Steep slopes of An-

takillqa hillside.
sangra sangra (Qu.) [F299]
No use recorded.

Brachyotum naudinii Triana

Peru.

Cuper, 4000-4400 m. Woody shrub on slopes
of Antakillqa hillside, place called K'inqu.
Plant grows almost to summit of hill.
masuk'a (Qu.) [F355]
No use except as firewood (S.L., T.L.,
G.S.)

MYRTACEAE

Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

Native of Australia. Introduced and widely

planted in Latin America.
Cuper, 3810 m. Tree along trail.
eucalipto (Sp.), eucalistu (Qu.) [Dl 345]
Leaves are made into a tea for chest
congestions (G.P.). The wood is used
for construction, and the leaves and
wood for fuel. Possibly used as a dye
plant (G.A.). Seed capsules are sold
in the Chinchero Sunday market to
make tea to treat colds.

NYCTAGINACEAE

Colignonia weberbaueri Heimerl

Peruvian Andes.

Cuper, 3810 m. Small tree by trailside.
sach 'a paraqay (Qu., sach 'a, 'tree'; paraqay,
a kind of maize having a white
root) [D1363]

The entire plant is lightly boiled and used
to wash hair, especially by women
(L.P.).

Mirabilis prostrata (Ruiz & Pavon) Heimerl

Ecuador to Chile.

Cuper, 3100-3450 m. Herb at edge of maize
plot (D1741), and in shade of shrubs in
quebrada (K245).
Name and use unknown (Am.Q., S.J., P.P.,

G.S.) [D1741, K245]
manka p'aki (Qu., manka, 'pot'; p'aki,
'break') possible name (B.C.) [K245]
Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb at edge of potato

plot along stream.
Name and use unknown (B.G., P.P.,

G.S.) [K134]

Similar to muqu muqu (Qu., muqu,
'knot'), which grows at lower alti-
tudes, in its knotted stem; the entire
muqu muqu plant is boiled to make
a bath to treat fever (Am.Q., G.S.).

ONAGRACEAE

Epilobium denticulatum Ruiz & Pavon
Ecuador to Chile and Argentina.
Cuper, 3600 m. Herb in moist fen (D1406).
Taucca, 4050^4250 m. Herb on steep rocky
slopes (D1520) and in moist soil along
brook (D1586).
Yanacona, 3800 m. Herb on floating island

of Scirpus californicus (D1640).
yawar ch 'unqa (Qu., yawar, 'blood'; ch 'unqa,
'suck') (M.H., G.P.) [D1406, D1586,
D1640]

mayu yawar ch'unqa (Qu., mayu, 'running
water'; yawar, 'blood'; ch'unqa, 'suck')
(L.H., M.H., G.S.) [D1520, D1586]
duraznillo (Sp., 'little peach')

(B.G.) [DJ640]

Although the name yawar ch 'unqa is usu-
ally given to plants used to treat
wounds, no use was known for this
plant (G.P., L.H., M.H.). The plant
is drunk as a tea (B.G.), made from
the cortex (Sp., cascara) of the root
(G.S.).

Fuchsia apetala Ruiz & Pavon

Southern Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 3450-4500 m. Lightly grazed slopes
above Puqpuq waterfall and on summit
of Antakillqa hill.
chhilin campanilla (Qu., chhilin is an on-

86

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

omotopoeia for the sound of a bell; Sp.,
campanilla, 'little bell') (G.A., E.G.,
L.P., G.S.) [D1509, D1704]
frutilla frutilla (Qu. from Sp., f rut ilia,
'strawberry') name given by children
(A.Co., G.S.) [DJ509]
The sweet red fruit is eaten by shepherd
children (G.A., A.Co., E.G., L.P.,
G.S.); some of them liken it to a
strawberry (A.Co., G.S.).
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
waysillu (Qu.) [D1516]
chhilin campanilla (Qu.. chhilin is an on-
omotopoeia for the sound of a bell; Sp.,
campanilla, 'little bell') (G.S.) [D1509,
D1704]
Use unknown (L.H.). Fruit is eaten (G.S.).

Fuchsia boliviana Carr.

Native from southern Peru to northern Ar-
gentina; introduced and naturalized in
Colombia and Venezuela and else-
where.

Cuper, 3 1 00 m. Moist maize plot in quebrada.
campanilla (Sp., 'little bell') [K249]
Use unknown (G.P.).

Oenothera multicaulis Ruiz & Pavon

Ecuador to Bolivia.

Cuper, 38 1 m. In cracks of large eroded rock.
yawar ch 'unqa (Qu., yawar, 'blood'; ch 'unqa,

'suck') (G.P., G.S.) [D1377]
qhillu t 'ika yawar ch 'unqa (Qu., qhillu, 'yel-
low'; t'ika, 'flower'; yawar, 'blood';
ch'unqa, 'suck') (N.C.) [D1377]
The leaf is used to cure cuts and wounds
(G.P.); it is ground and used as a
poultice (G.S.). The root is used to
make a tea for inflamacion (Sp.) and
drunkenness (N.C.), using only the
outside layer (G.S.).

Taucca, 40504250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
yawar ch'unqa de las punas (Qu., yawar,
'blood'; ch'unqa, 'suck'; Sp., 'of the
puna') (G.S.) [D1519]
Although the name yawar ch 'unqa is usu-
ally given to plants used to treat
wounds, no use was known for this
plant.

Oenothera rosea L'Her. ex Aiton

Southwestern United States to Peru and

Bolivia.

Cuper, 3300-3500 m. Lightly grazed slopes
on edge of potato plot (D1504) and in old
rocky field by brook (D1817).

yawar ch 'unqa (Qu., yawar, 'blood'; ch 'unqa,

'suck') (G.S.) [D1504]
Name and use unknown (A.Co.) [D1504]
verbena (Sp.) (B.G.) [D1817]
The name yawar ch 'unqa is given to plants
used to treat wounds; this plant
(D1504) was said by G.S. to be a feral
male form. Used as an external wash
for headache (B.C.).

Oenothera versicolor Lehm.

Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.
Taucca, 3900-4050. Around community and

on edge of Ullucus field.
saya saya (Qu., saya, 'upright')

(L.H.) [D1582, K179]
uqi qhura (Qu., uqi, 'gray'; qhura, 'herb')

(M.H.) [D1582]
Name and use unknown (E.G.,

G.S.) [D1582, K179]
Use unknown (L.H.). In the family of
lakre lakre (Qu.); a smaller version
grows at higher elevations (G.S.).
Sheep and burros eat it (M.H.).

ORCHIDACEAE

Aa matthewsii Reichb. f.

Ecuador to Bolivia.

Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
sara sara (Qu., sara, 'maize') [D1532]
Use unknown (L.H., G.S.).

Altensteinia elliptica C. Schweinf.

Southern Peru.

Cuper, 3450-3600 m. Lightly grazed slopes
above Puqpuq waterfall and in thin soil
on steep rock face.

sara sara (Qu., sara, 'maize) [D1653]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1511]
No use known for this plant, the male
(Sp., macho) form of D1714 (Val-
eriana coarctata) (G.P.).

Altensteinia fimbriata H.B.K.

Colombia to Bolivia.

Yanacona, 3750 m. Common in pockets of
soil on large sculptured rock outcrop
called Chinkana.
Name and use unknown [F347]

Chloraea reticulata Schltr.

Southern Peru to Argentina.
Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Terrestrial orchid on
lightly grazed slopes above Puqpuq wa-
terfall.

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

87

sara sara (Qu.. sara, 'maize') possible

name [D1507]
khuchi khuchi (Qu., khuchi, 'pig') possible

name [D1507]
Use unknown (G.S.).

Chloraea undulata Raimondi ex Colunga

Central, western and southern Peru.
Cupcr, 3100-3150 m. Terrestrial orchid on

somewhat dry rocky slope along trail.
Name and use unknown (G.P.) [K240]

Cf. Chloraea sp.

Yanacona, 3750 m. Place called Q'allas.
Name and use unknown [F257A]
Plant was not known by anyone.

Epidendrum aff. densifolium Kranzlin

Peruvian Andes.

Cuper, 3330-3600 m. Terrestrial orchid on

steep side hill and on wet rocks by brook.

kiyawcha, urqu kiyawcha (Qu., urqu,

'male') [D1450]

Name and use not recorded [D1804]
This variety was said to be male (Sp.,
macho; Qu., urqu) (S.J., G.S.). The
female (Sp., hembrd) form is drunk
for thirst (S.J.). The juice of the stem
can be sucked like that of maize stalks
(locally called cana, Sp.), but is a lit-
tle bitter (Au.Q.).

Malaxis excavata (Lindley) Kuntze

Mexico to Argentina.
Cuper, 3500-3700 m. Herb under grass on

steep slope of Antakillqa hillside.
verb a de billarga (Sp., yerba, 'herb')

(P.P.) [K290]
sara sara (Qu., sara, 'maize') (Am.Q.,

G.S.) [K290]
llanten llanten (Qu. from Sp., llanten, Plan-

tago spp.) (E.G.) [K290]
Used to wash the backs of horses to cure
saddlesores (P.P.). Use unknown
(E.G., Am.Q., G.S.) or forgotten (S.J.,
C.R.).

Masdevallia sp.

Cuper, altitude unknown. Low herb tangled

with fern and lycopodium.
Name and use unknown [F273]

Oncidium aff. aureum Lindley

Ecuador to Bolivia.
Cuper. 3600 m. Sterile terrestrial orchid on

steep side hill.
kiyawcha (Qu.) (N.C., G.P., Au.Q.) D1449]

kawchi kawchi (Qu.) (A.Co.) [D1449]
This plant is a female (Sp., hembrd) form;
the pseudobulbs are good to eat for
thirst when climbing the hillside
where the plant grows; they are quite
sweet, especially if put in the sun for
a time before eating (A.Co., N.C.,
G.P., Au.Q.).

OXALIDACEAE

Hypseocharis bilobata Killip vel aff.

Southern Peru (Department of Cusco).
Cuper, 3810 m. Along trail.
lomo lomo (Qu.) [D1361J
There are multiple uses for the root boiled
into tea: for stomachache (G.P.); for
cough (E.C.); for constipation (G. A.);
and as a tonic, after removing the
epidermis of the root.

Oxalis peduncularis H.B.K. var. pilosa Hieron.

Cusco, Peru.

Cuper, 3700 m. Herb on steep bank.
ch'ullkus (Qu.) [D1412]
inca ch'ullkus (Qu.) [D1412]
Yanacona, 3750 m. Large sculptured rock

outcrop called Chinkana.
inca chullqu (Qu.) [F262]
Like all ch 'ullkus, this plant tastes some-
what bitter (Qu., kaqki) (G.S.). The
stem and leaves are eaten by shep-
herds and young children (G.P.,
G.S.). The plant is cool (Sp., fresco)
and its juice is used as a gargle to
treat tonsillitis (Sp., amigdalitis)
(G.S.).

Oxalis petrophila Knuth

Peruvian Andes.
Cuper, 3810 m. In rock wall.
oca oca (Qu., oca, Oxalis tuberosa)

(S.J.) [D1373]

pampa oca oca (Qu., pampa, 'flat open
space'; oca, Oxalis tuberosa) (S.J.,
G.S.) [D1373]

Taucca, 40504250 m. Forming dense colo-
nies among rocks on steep slopes.
c/Tw//A:w (Qu.) (L.H.) [D1545]
pampa ch'ullku (Qu., pampa, 'flat open
space') possible name (G.S.) [D1545]
Children eat the leaves (S.J.). Use un-
known (G.S., L.H.).

Oxalis steinbachii Knuth
Peru and Bolivia.

88

FIELDIANA: BOTA1

Cuper, 3450-3700 m. Herb on steep moist
bank of quebrada above Puqpuq water-
fall and along trail.

trago trago (Qu. from Sp., trago, 'cane al-
cohol') (A.Co.,G.S.) [D1411,D1484\
Children suck juice out of flower, to drink
(G.S.). Stem and leaves are also eat-
en by young children (G.P.). Gath-
ered in quantity, it is boiled in the
same way as chicha (Sp., 'maize beer')
or added to it (G.S.).

Oxalis tuberosa Molina (fig. 33)

Southern Venezuela to northern Argentina;
Mexico. Herb cultivated for edible tu-
ber. Oca is the Quechua name for this
Andean cultigen.

Pukamarka, 3800 m. Herb cultivated for edi-
ble tuber in fields by Lake Piuray.
pawkar oca (Qu.) [K153]

Tubers and stem red (Jo.C.). Planted in
September, harvested in June (Jo.C.).
Petals yellow.

higos oca (Qu. from Sp., higo, 'fig') [K154]
The name refers to the fig-shaped tuber
(Jo.C.). This variety is more produc-
tive than pawkar oca (K153) (Jo.C.).
Taucca, 3900 m. Cultivated in field for edible

tubers.

oca (Qu.) [K231]
This variety is not good for making khaya

(Qu., 'freeze-dried oca") (Jo.C.).
Ayllu Pungu (K'aparay), 3800 m. Cultivated

in irrigated fields for edible tubers.
pawkar oca (Qu.) [K277]

Oxalis sp.

Taucca, 4050 m. Herb in moist soil along

bank.

trago trago (Sp., trago, 'cane alco-
hol') [D1580]

Plant is one of three classes ofCh'ullkus,
which are all somewhat bitter and
include: a yellow flower which grows
on rocks; a trago trago; and an oca
ocacha which grows on pampas
(G.S.). The root is eaten for its juice,
which is sweet and good; my daugh-
ter often eats it (G.S.).

Oxalis sp.

Yanacona, 3750 m. Herb in fallow field along
old dirt road across moist, flat, seasonally
partially inundated pampa.
oca oca (Qu., oca, Oxalis tubero-
sa) [D1623]

ch'ullku (B.C.) [D1623]
Use unknown (E.G., G.P.).

Oxalis sp.

Taucca, 4000-4200 m.

Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K194]

PAPAVERACEAE

Argemone mexicana L.

Cosmopolitan weed, native of tropical

America.
Cuper, 3 1 00-3 150m. Herb among large rocks

on somewhat dry slope in quebrada.
karwinchu (Qu.) (P.P.) [K250]
amapolas del campo (Sp., 'field poppies')

(Am.Q., G.S.) [K250]
This very "hot" plant is dried whole,
toasted, ground, and given to a cow
that is too thin (P.P.). Flowers are
said to be smoked by gringos (Sp.,
'foreigners') in the Urubamba valley
as a substitute for marijuana (Am.Q.,
G.S.). B.C. characterized the plant
as a khishqa (Qu., 'spiny plant') eat-
en by cows.

PASSIFLORACEAE

Passiflora gracilens (Gray) Harms

Central Peru to central Bolivia.
Cuper, 3400-3600 m. Vining over shrubs on

steep hillside.

k'ita tintincha (Qu., k'ita, 'feral'; -cha, 'lit-
tle') (G.S.) [D1731]
tintincha (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1782]
Shepherd children eat the good-tasting
fruit, called k'ita trombos (Qu.) (S.J.,
G.S.).

Passiflora mixta L.f.

Venezuela to Bolivia.

Cuper, 3810 m. Cultivated vine in house gar-
den.
tintin (Qu.) [D1398]

Flowers are worn in hats for the annual
ritual of the first hoeing of the potato
fields (S.J.). The fruits, called trom-
bos, are eaten in March (S.J.).

Passiflora pinnatistipula Cav.

Native to Peru or Chile, frequently culti-
vated or naturalized in the Andes from
Colombia to Chile, 2500-3800 m.
Cuper, 3300-3450 m. Vining over shrub next

to brook in quebrada.
granadillas (Sp., 'passion fruits') [D1753]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

89

FIG. 33. Oca, Oxalis tuberosa, cultivated for edible tubers (photo S.K.).

The name refers to the fruits, which are
sold in markets; they are useful as a
remedy for coughs and lung prob-
lems (G.S.) and are also sold in the
Cusco market (S.J.) and eaten fresh.

PIPERACEAE

Peperomia bicolor Sodiro
Ecuador and Peru.

Cuper, 3360 m. Herb on steep rock cliffs by

Puqpuq waterfall.
Name and use not recorded [D1793]

Peperomia galioides H.B.K.

Widespread in tropical America.
Cuper, 3600 m.
kunquna (Qu.) [D1453]
The plant is boiled and gargled, or the
leaves are chewed, to cure a tooth-

90

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

ache (G.S.). It is also boiled and used
to wash the head (G.S.).

Peperomia peruviana (Miq.) Dahlst.

Colombia to Argentina.
Cuper, 3400-3600 m. Steep, rocky, shrubby

hillside, grazed by sheep.
killaq papan (Qu., killaq, 'moon's'; papa,

'potato') (G.S.) [D1729, D1781]
intiq papan (Qu., intiq, 'sun's'; papa, 'po-
tato') (G.S.) [D1729, DJ781]
inti-killa papa (Qu., inti, 'sun'; killa, 'moon';

papa, 'potato') (S.J.) [D1729]
The Quechua name of the plant is vari-
able; its round tubers are not edible
and no other use is known (S.J., G.S.).

Peperomia verruculosa Dahlst. ex Hill

Andes of central and southern Peru.
Cuper, 38 10 m. In cracks of large eroded rock.
intiq papan (Qu., intiq, 'sun's'; papa, 'po-
tato') [D1385]
killaq papan (Qu., killaq, 'moon's'; papa,

'potato') [D1385]
intiq-killaq papan (Qu., intiq, 'sun's'; killaq,

'moon's'; papa, 'potato') [Dl 385]
Pigs eat the small round tubers (G.S.,
G.P.). The Quechua names are in-
terchangeable; they refer to the
plant's round (sun- and moon-
shaped) leaves (G.S.).

Peperomia sp.

Cuper, 3400 m. Herb among shrubs on steep

rocky slope above waterfall.
kunquna (Qu.) [D1785]
Use unknown (G.S.).

PLANTAGINACEAE

Bougueria nubicola Decne.

Central Peru to Bolivia.
Taucca, 4000-5000 m.
Name and use unknown (E.C., E.G., O.H.,

Au.Q., G.S., J.S.) [K220, F366]
Similar to qhitu qhitu (Qu.), pilli (Qu.)
(B.G.). F366 was not recognized by
anyone as a plant they had ever seen
before.

Plantago austral is Lam. ssp. pseudomollior Rahn

Peruvian Andes.

Cuper, 38 1 0-4500 m. Along trail and on sum-
mit of Antakillqa hill.
wakaq khallun (Qu. from Sp., wakaq,
'cow's'; Qu., khallun, 'tongue') (G.A.,
G.P., L.P., G.S.) [D1355, D1720]

A tea is made from the whole plant, with
care to include the root, to treat in-
flamacion (Sp.) (G.A.). It is used for
pain of the kidneys and waist area
(L.P.) and is eaten by animals (G.P.).
The plant is sold in the Chinchero
Sunday market.

Plantago lamprophylla Pilger

Central and southern Peru.
Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill.
ichu ichu (Qu., ichu, 'various high-altitude

grass spp.') [D1715]
A tea for coughs is made from the entire
plant (G.A.).

Plantago major L.

Native to Europe and North and Central

Asia; widely distributed.
llanten (Sp.) not collected
Sold in the Chinchero Sunday market for

tea.

PLUMBAGINACEAE

Plumbago coerulea H.B.K.

Colombia to Chile and Argentina.
Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m.
dsul nuqchu (Sp., azul, 'blue'; Qu.)

[K309A]

The plant is burned; the ash is then pow-
dered and made into llipta (Qu., 'ad-
mixture for coca chewing') (P.P.,
C.R.).

POLEMONIACEAE

Cantua buxifolia Juss. ex Lam.
Central Peru to Bolivia.
Yanacona, 3810 m. Planted to decorate areas

around building.
qantu (Qu.) (G.P.) [D7575]
Cuper, 3810 m. On terraces of Inca ruins.

Name and use not recorded [K216]
Taucca, 4050 m. In community center.
qhillu qantu (Qu., qhillu, 'yellow') (M.H.,

G.S.) [D1584]

qantu (Qu.) (L.G., M.H.) [D1585]
puka qantu (Qu., puka, 'red') (G.S.)

[D1585]

This decorative plant, the national flower
of Peru, is often grown in household
yards. The flowers are used to make
New Year's decorations over doors
of houses, burial wreaths, and other
ornaments. At a child's funeral, qan-

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

91

tu flowers are filled with holy water
and placed on a cross, which is car-
ried in the funeral procession and
then placed on the grave, so that the
water sustains the child during the
journey after death. Children play
"funeral" or other games with them
(L.G., M.H., G.S.).

POLYGALACEAE

Monnina amarella Chodat

Central and southern Peru.
Cuper, 3500 m. On steep slope leading to

creek.
sambho quluta (Qu., sambho, 'black'; qul-

uta, 'egg') (G.S.) [D1429]
Use unknown (G.S.).
Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. On dry open

hillside.

Name and use unknown (Am.Q., E.G., U.I.,
P.P., C.R., G.S.) [K300]

POLYGONACEAE

Muehlenbeckia vulcanica (Month. ) Endl.

Ecuador to Bolivia.
Cuper, 3810 m. Along trail.

mullaka (Qu.) (N.C., G.P., G.S.) [D1349]
The plant is used as a wash with ch 'ullkus
(Nothoscordum andicold) to cure
white sores on a nursing baby's
mouth, a condition due to 'heat' (Sp.,
calor) of the breast milk, caused by
the mother's intoxication or spend-
ing too much time in the sun (N.C.).
The root is made into tea for the
kidneys and liver (G.P.).

Rumex crispus L.

Cosmopolitan weed of European origin.
Cuper, 3600 m. Weedy herb in wet field along

trail.

llaqhi (Qu.) (N.C.) [D1456]
aselgas or k'ita aselgas (local Sp., from acel-
ga, 'celery'; Qu., k'ita, 'feral') (N.C.,
G.S.) [D1456]

Eaten by cows and sheep (N.C.). Young,
tender leaves of this weed are eaten
in salad, or cooked as greens (G.S.).

Rumex cuneifolius Campdera

Peru to Chile, Argentina and Uruguay.
Cuper, 3810 m. Weedy herb along trail.
llaqhi (Qu.) [D1372]

Root drunk in tea to treat kidney prob-
lems (G.P.).

PORTULACACEAE

Calandrinia acaulis H.B.K.

Central Peru to Bolivia.
Taucca, 4050-4500 m. Steep rocky slopes and

high puna grazed by llamas.
aqha qupisun (Qu., aqha, 'maize beer')

(L.H.) [D1579]
oca qupisun (Qu., oca, Oxalis tuberosa)

(G.S.) [D1579, F311]
kapisun (Qu.) (M.H.) [DJ579]
The plant has no uses, but pigs love to
eat it, especially the root (L.H.,
M.H.). Between April and June, the
root, which grows in the pampas
(Qu., 'flat areas') and alturas (Sp.,
'heights') of Taucca, is collected and
eaten (G.S.). The skin of the root
must be peeled, but if left in the sun
a short while, the root is very sweet
like oca (Qu., Oxalis tuberosa) (G.S.).

Calandrinia alba (Ruiz & Pavon) DC.

Southern Peru.
Pukamarka, 3800 m. Weed in cultivated fields

by Lake Piuray.

pampa davel(Qu.,pampa, 'flat open space';

Sp., clavel, 'carnation') (G.S.) [DJ598]

yawarch 'unqa (Qu., yawar, 'blood'; ch 'unqa,

'to suck') (M.H.) [D1598]
Use unknown (G.S.). Used to make a
'cool' (Sp., fresco) tea for diseases of
'heat' (Sp., color) (M.H.).

Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pavon) DC.

Peruvian Andes.
Pukamarka, 3800 m. Weed in cultivated fields

by Lake Piuray.

pampa clavel (Qu., pampa, 'flat open space';
Sp., clavel, 'carnation') (G.S.) [D1596,
D1597]
qhurachata (Qu., 'some kind of a little herb')

(M.H.) [D1597]

Name and use unknown (M.H.) [D1596]
Use unknown (M.H., G.S.).

RANUNCULACEAE

Anemone decapetala Ard. var. foliolosa Eichler
Peru to Chile and Argentina, southern Bra-
zil, Uruguay.

Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Herb among rocks on
steep, grassy, somewhat scrubby slopes
of Antakillqa hillside.
Name and use unknown (G.A., N.C.,
B.G.) [D1644, F269]

92

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Anemone helleborifolia DC.

Peru to Chile.
Cuper, 3800 m. Common herb on steep slope

above creek on Antakillqa hillside.
chili chili (Qu.) [D1460]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1460]
Drunk as tea for inflamacion (Sp., 'heart-
burn') caused by drinking too much
cane alcohol (Sp., trago) (E.G.).

Clematis seemannii Kuntze

Peru and Bolivia.

Cuper, 3600-3900 m. At edge of field on An-
takillqa hillside.
piris piris (Qu.) [D1687]
Name and use unknown (G.A.) [D1687]
Plant has no use because of its foul smell
(L.P.).

Ranunculus breviscapus DC.

Peruvian Andes.
Taucca, 4050 m. Creeping in moist soil along

brook in community center.
Cuper (Huancapata), 3850 m. Herb in moist

soil along seepage area beside trail.

matiqllu(Q\i.) (G.S., G.P.) [D1573, KJ75]

boton baton (Qu. from Sp., baton, 'button'

or 'bud') possible name (G.P.) [K175]

pampa tayanqa (Qu., pampa, 'flat open

area') possible name (G.S.) [D1573]
Used as a poultice for toothache (G.S.).
Use unknown (G.P.).

Ranunculus geranioides H.B.K. ex DC.

Colombia and Venezuela south to Peru.
Yanacona, 3750 m. At place called Q'allas.
Name and use unknown [F255]

Ranunculus praemorsus H.B.K. ex DC. var. prae-
morsus

Colombia to Bolivia.
Q'erapata (Ashnapuqyu), 3800 m. Herb

around seepage area.
ashhaq qhura (Qu., ashnaq, 'smelly'; qhura,

'herb') (Au.Q.) [D1614]
kiku (Qu.) (N.C., B.G.) [D1614]

Use unknown (N.C., E.G., Au.Q.).
Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill.
kiku (Qu.) (L.P., G.S.) [D1728]
Said to be female (Qu., china) (L.P.) and
possibly to provide a yellow dye
(G.S.).

Taucca, 3900 m. Herb along trail in com-
munity.

Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K178]
Similar iofrutilla (pronounced phutulla);
use unknown (B.G.)-

Ranunculus repens L.

Widely distributed.

Taucca, 3900 m. In springs around commu-
nity center.

Name and use unknown (Je.C., G.S.)
[F313]

I luilii irum decipiens Boivin

Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina.
Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Herb along stream in

quebrada above Puqpuq waterfall.
chiri chiri (Qu., chiri, 'cold') (A. Co.)

[D1490]

Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1490]
Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. Herb at edge of ravine

along stream.
urqu nunupunqa (Qu., urqu, 'hill'; nunu,

'breast') (Am.Q.) [K138]
culantro pusan (Qu., Sp. from cilantro, 'cor-
iander') (B.G.) [K138]
Name and use unknown (P.P., G.S.)

[K138]

A variety of names and uses were re-
ported for this plant. Urqu nunu-
punqa is considered to be a danger-
ous purgative and so is never used
(Am.Q.). The entire plant is boiled
to make a bath for fever; at lower
altitudes it is known as muqu muqu
(Qu., muqu, 'knot' or 'joint') (G.S.).
The other names are associated with
no use, except being eaten by sheep
(A.Co., B.G.).

Thalictrum podocarpum H.B.K. ex DC.

Venezuela to Bolivia.

Cuper, 3450 m. In moist soil by Puqpuq wa-
terfall.

trebol de la quebrada (Sp., 'canyon clo-
ver') [D1739]

A tea made from the entire plant is given
to people when they turn yellow with
jaundice 'to make their blood in-
crease' (B.G., S.J.).

RHAMNACEAE

Colletia spinosissima Gmelin

Peru to Chile, Argentina, Uruguay.
Ch'ussu, 3800 m. On top of stone wall.
ruk'i (Qu.) (T.H., U.I.) [K279]
A bath is made from this plant to bathe
children who suffer from fright (Sp.,
susto) (U.I.). For example, a boy had
broken his arm; it had been set in a
cast, but his mother said that he had

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

93

not yet been cured of the fright of
the accident. She had collected a pile
of Colletia to use to bathe him. In
all our plant collecting in Chinchero,
this wild plant occasioned our only
dispute with residents. A woman
nearby claimed ownership of the
plant and was enraged by our cutting
it, pointing out that the plant was
important to them and could be of
no possible use to us, so that we were
not only stealing it, but also wasting
it. The conflict was not resolved. The
plant can also be used for firewood
(T.H.).

ROSACEAE

Acaena elongata L.

Mexico to Peru.
Cuper, 3330 m. Steep wet rocks by brook in

quebrada.
Name and use not recorded [D1813]

Fragaria vesca L.

Native of Eurasia, cultivated in many re-
gions.

Cuper, 3600 m. Wild herb along trail.
frutilla, k'ita frutilla (Sp., frutilla, 'straw-
berry'; Qu., k'ita, 'feral') [D1437]
Fruit can be eaten (G.P.).

Hesperomeles lanuginosa Ruiz & Pavon ex Hook.

Colombia to Bolivia.
Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Shrub on steep, rocky

slopes of Antakillqa hill.
lluttu lluttu (Qu.) (B.C.) [D1663]
unka unka (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1663]
sullullumay (Qu.) (G.A.) [D1663]

Useful as firewood (B.C.). Not edible, has
no use (G.A.).

Kakeneckia lanceolata Ruiz & Pavon

Peru and Bolivia.

Cuper, 3450-3600 m. Shrub on steep slope.
lluki (Qu., 'bitter' or 'strong') (G.P.,

G.S.) [D1494, D1662]
tayankha (Qu.) (A.Ca., E.G.) [DJ494,

DI662]
pat a pata pasto (Qu.; Sp., pasto, 'pasturage')

(G.S.) [DI494]
chilka (Qu.) (N.C.) [D1662]
macha macha (Qu.) (G.A.) [D1662]
The strong stem of the plant is used for
firewood (B.G., G.P., G.S.). Useful
to dye yellow (A.Ca.). Use unknown

(N.C., G.P.). Red berries are very
good to eat and are 'intoxicating'
(Qu., machakunapaq) (G.A.).

Lachemilla diplophylla (Diets) Rothm.

Southern Peru, Bolivia.
Taucca, 4500 m. Aquatic herb at edges of
shallow temporary pools in very high
puna.

Name and use unknown (Je.C., G.S.)
[F310]

Malus sylvestris Miller

Native of Eurasia. Cultivated in all tem-
perate regions.
Cuper, 3300 m. Tree at edge of maize garden

in quebrada.

manzana (Sp., 'apple') [D1762]
Fruit are eaten (G.P.).

Margyricarpus strictus (Poeppig) J. F. Macbr.

Peru, Bolivia, and Chile.
Cuper, altitude unknown. Low spreading herb
on Antakillqa hillside, place called
Ch'akipuqyu.
kanlli(Qu.) [F320]
Useful as firewood, as it hardly needs
drying; plant has no other use (S.J.,
G.S.). Specimen was compared to
F307, Senecio spinosus.

Polylepis besseri Hieron.

Southern Peru to southern Bolivia.
Taucca, 4050 m. Small tree along fencerows

around community.
qiyuha (Qu.) (L.H., G.S.) [D1578]
Wood used for housebuilding and for
firewood (G.S., M.H.). This plant, as
well as kiswar (Buddleja spp.) and
sauk'u (Sambucus peruviana), were
characterized as 'Inca plants' (plants
said to have been known and useful
to the Incas).

Polylepis incana H.B.K.

Central Ecuador to southern Peru.
Cuper, 3450-38 10 m. Tree along trail and on

steep rocky slopes in quebrada.
qiyuha (Qu.) [D1359, D1466]
Name and use unknown (A. Co.) [D1466]
Wood used for firewood and house con-
struction. Said to have been used by
the Incas for building houses (G.P.,
G.S.).

Primus persica (L.) Batsch

Native of China. Cultivated in most tem-

94

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

perate regions. Sometimes escaped in
Peru.
Cuper, 3300 m. Tree at edge of garden in

quebrada.

durazno (Sp., 'peach') [D1761]
Fruit are eaten (G.P.).

Prunus serotina ssp. capuli (Cav.) McVaugh

Native of Mexico. Cultivated and escaped

in the Andes.

Ayllu Punqu, 3800 m. Tree encouraged to
grow in houseyards and along roads and
fields at shallow Lake Punqulay.
capuli (Qu.) [D1637]

Edible fruit, a kind of cherry, are gathered
in quantity to be eaten and sold in
markets. In order to treat problems
caused by contact with 'wind' (Qu.,
wayrd), the leaves are passed through
fire, then brushed on face (E.G.).

RUBIACEAE

Arcytophyllum thymifolium (Ruiz & Pavon) Stan-
dley

Colombia to Peru.
Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Shrub on steep bank in

quebrada.

suka rura (Qu., suka, 'dust devil'; rura,
'fruit'? or from Sp. rudal) (G.P.)
[D1465]

pinku pinku (Qu.) (E.G.) [D1465]
Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. Erect in dense

mat on side of trail.
maych 'a maych 'a qhura (Qu., qhura, 'herb')

(B.G.) [K299]
Name and use unknown (S.J., Am.Q., P.P.,

C.R., G.S.) [K299]

Although five informants (S.J., Am.Q.,
P.P., C.R., G.S.) reported no use for
this plant, others suggested that the
plant is warmed in wine which is
drunk to treat blows to the body
(E.G.), and used to treat sore feet
(G.P.).

Galium aparine L.

Widely distributed in temperate regions of

North and South America and Europe.

Cuper, 3810m. Herb, scandent on other plants

in cracks of large eroded rock called Mar-

anqaqa.

rata rata (Qu.) [D1388]
Use unknown (G.P., G.S.).

Galium weberbaueri Krause
Peruvian Andes.

Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Herb forming tangled
mass among shrubs on steep rocky slopes.

rata rata (Qu.) [D145J, DJ642]

pisq'u sisaq (Qu.) [D1642]

Leaves used to make tea, and to make a
tonic (Sp., refresco) for children
(G.S.). When a child's tongue turns
white, rata rata is helpful if crushed
and rubbed on the tongue (G.S.).
Called rata rata because it grabs and
sticks to clothes (G.S.). Called pisq'u
sisaq because of the flower's five
white petals (E.G.). It is ground and
rubbed on the eyes for eye problems
(N.C., E.G.).

Relbunium croceum (Ruiz & Pavon) Schumann
ssp. involucratum (H.B.K.) Ehrend.

Colombia to Chile and Argentina.
Cuper, 3810m. Herb in cracks of large eroded

rock called Maranqaqa.
rata rata (Qu.) (G.P., G.S.) [D1386]
Yanacona, 3800 m. Among rocks and in hard-
packed soil on dry pastured slopes. Also
among mosses in and around potato plots
along stream below Inca ruins.
durazno durazno (Qu. from Sp., durazno,

'peach') (G.S.) [Kl 33, K139]
paya paya qhura (Qu., paya, 'little old lady';
qhura, 'herb') possible name [K133]
The little fruit looks like a tiny peach
(G.S.). Use unknown (G.P., G.S.).

RUTACEAE

Ruta graveolens L.

Native of southern Europe. Widely culti-
vated throughout Latin America.
Cuper, 3810 m. Cultivated in house gardens.

ruda (Sp., 'rue') [D1395, K101, K102]
Male and female forms of ruda are rec-
ognized in Chinchero; female ruda
plants have flowers while male plants
do not. K101 was said by G.S., A.H.
and others to be a female (Qu., china)
plant, K102 a male (Qu., urqu). This
widely used herb is sold in the
Chinchero and Cusco markets. It is
employed against ills brought on by
the 'wind' (Sp., mat viento; Qu.,
wayrd) (N.C., G.S.). For instance, a
little ruda is roasted in a candle, then
rubbed on a person whom the wind
has passed over, especially one-
month-old infants (N.C.). If a bad

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

95

wind has caused bumps on the skin,
ruda boiled in alcohol is rubbed over
the skin (S.J.)- Market-vendors brush
branches of ruda over their wares to
insure good luck in sales (G.S.). A
pot of ruda is grown in many house-
yards to protect them from an un-
defined evil, or from witchcraft (Qu.,
laykd) (G.S.). It is said to be drunk
with milk to cause abortion (N.C.).
It is also used as a fragrant herb in
cooking soup (G.S.). The plant has
no Quechua name.

SANTALACEAE

Quinchamalium procumbens Ruiz & Pavon

Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 3450-3500 m. Forming a tangled mass

on rocks on lightly grazed slopes.
Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. In shade of

shrubs along trail.
Name and use unknown (B.G., M.H.,

Am.Q., P.P., G.S.) [D1599, K302]
piki piki qhura (Qu.,piki, 'flea'; qhura, 'herb')

possible name (C.R.) [K302]
Chinchamali in Chinchero refers to
another well-known plant, Krameria
lappacea. At least six informants ex-
amined these specimens without
being able to suggest a name or use.
G.S. said that he had not seen it be-
fore; B.G. suggested that it might be
similar to romero (Sp., 'rosemary').

SAPINDACEAE

Cardiospermum halicacabrum L.

Widely distributed in the tropics.
Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. Vining plant on

shrub along trail.
suq'a rura (Qu., suq'a, 'devil'; rura, 'fruit'?

or from Sp. rudal) [K307]
Name and use unknown (E.G., Am.Q., P.P.,

G.S.) [K307]

The stem, leaves, and flowers (parts of
the plant which grow above ground)
are boiled and cooled, then used for
baths for coldness, fever, and other
problems (C.R.). Fruit edible
(Am.Q.). Fruit not edible (G.S.).

SAXIFRAGACEAE

Escallonia myrtilloides L.f. var. myrtilloides
Venezuela to Bolivia.

Cuper, 3500-3900 m. Shrub on steep rocky

slopes of Antakillqa hillside.
t'asta (Qu.) (N.C., B.G., G.P., L.P.)

[D1665, D1692]

Use unknown (N.C., B.C., G.P.). Flexi-
ble stems used for making baskets
(L.P.).

Escallonia resinosa (Ruiz & Pavon) Pers.

Peru to Bolivia.
Cuper, 3800 m. Shrub in very moist creek

draw.

chachaquma (Qu.) [D1461]
The wood of this tree is used for con-
struction and firewood, and to make
shed swords for weaving (G.S.). The
young shoots are utilized to make
baskets (Qu., taqi) that are used for
storing dried potatoes (Qu., ch'unu)
(G.S.). This tree never flowers (G.P.)
(fig. 34).

Ribes brachybotrys (Wedd.) Jancz.
Southern Peru and Bolivia.
Taucca, 3900 m. Bush on trail in community.
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K177]
anis (Sp., 'anise') (T.H.) [7C777]
macha macha (Qu.) (B.G.) [7C777]
After eating something cold in the coun-
tryside, people chew this plant, as
they would coca (T.H.). Children eat
the sweet edible berries (B.G.).

Saxifraga magellanica Poiret

Colombia through the Andes to Patagonia.
Cuper, 4500 m. Herb in lush moist site on
protected underside of rock and at edge
of lake on summit of Antakillqa hill.
salli pupuha (Qu.) [7)7727]
Name unknown [F278]
Used for stomach pain (G.A.). Tea used
for lung problems (G. A.). Forage for
llamas.

Taucca, 4000-4200 m. In dense clumps pen-
dent on overhanging rock ledges and on
vertical rock faces along steep trail.
Name and use unknown (B.G.,

U.I.) [K188, F370]
A useless herb (Qu., qhura), like phutilla
phutilla (Qu., from Sp. frutilla,
'strawberry') (B.G.).

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Alonsoa meridionalis (L.f.) Kuntze

Mexico to Chile following the Cordillera.

96

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

FIG. 34. The tools used to cultivate tubers are locally made, especially of chachaquma (Escallonia resinosa): plow
(usually Eucalyptus), kutiq (hoe and potato hook), qhasuna (clod-breaker), and chakitaqlla (footplow) (photo C.S.).

Cuper, 3600 m. Scandent herb on rock walls.
ayaq t 'ika (Qu., ayaq, 'corpse's'; / 'ika, 'flow-
er') (G.P.) [D1405]

saqraq nuqchu (Qu., saqraq, 'devil's') alter-
nate name (G.S.) [D1405]
ashnaq nuqchu (Qu., ashnaq, 'smelly') al-
ternate name (G.S.) [D1405]
No use reported (G.P., G.S.).

Bartsia bartsioides (Hook.) Edwin

Central and southern Andes, Peru to Chile.
Taucca. 4000-4200 m. Abundant on clifffaces.

Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K183]
qhitu qhitu [of some kind], possibly hatun
qhitu (Qu., hatun, 'big') (B.C.) [K183]
Drunk in warm water (B.G.).

Bartsia .ill. bartsioides (Hook.) Edwin

Central and southern Andes, Peru to Chile.
Cuper, 3500-3900 m. Herb on steep dry slope

among grasses.

lagre, lakre lakre (Qu., from Sp. lacre,
'red') [D1657, D1683]

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

97

misa huqchu (Qu.) (N.C., B.C.) [D1657,

D1683]

D1657 was said by G.P. to be male (Sp.,
macho) and to have no uses, though
the female plant did. The red part of
the flower is used to make a tea to
treat menstrual complaints (L.P.).
Flowers only steeped to make a tea
for fever and ailments of the 'side'
(Sp., costadd) (E.G.).

Bartsia diffusa Benth.
Southern Peru.

Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill.
lakre, lakre lakre(Qu. from Sp., lacre, 'red')

(G.A., G.S.) [D1713]
Taken as tea for excessive bleeding dur-
ing period (G.A.).

Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
pampa lakre lakre (Qu., pampa, 'flat open

place') (L.H.) [D1531]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1531]
Use unspecified (L.H.). This species is
one of many useful plants with the
name lakre lakre (L.H., G.S.).

Bartsia inaequalis Benth.
Ecuador to Bolivia.

Taucca, 40504250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
lakre lakre (Qu., from Sp. lacre,

'red') [D1553]
Use unknown (L.H., G.S.).

Bartsia thiantha Diets

Peru (Department of Cusco).
Yanacona, 3800 m. Hillside called Titiqa-

qachimpa.

urqu lakre (Qu., from Sp. lacre, 'red') pos-
sible name [F258]
Use unknown.

Bartsia sp., prob. nov.

Cuper, 3450-38 1 m. On lightly grazed slopes
above Puqpuq waterfall (D1510) and
along trail (D1370).

suytu qhura (Qu., suytu, 'long and pointed';
qhura, 'herb') suggested name
(G.P.) [D1370]
hanq'as (Qu.) suggested name

(Al.Q.) [D1370]
saqraq huqchu (Qu., saqraq, 'devil's')

(G.S.) [D1510]
Use unknown (G.P., Al.Q., G.S.).

Calceolaria scapiflora (Ruiz & Pavon) Benth.

Southern Peru.
Taucca, 5000 m. Area of border between

Taucca and Calca. Erect herb on vertical
rock faces.

zapatillas [of some kind] (Sp., 'slip-
pers') [F36J]
Use unknown.

Calceolaria sparsiflora Kuntze

Peru (Department of Cusco).
Cuper, 3810 m. Along trail.
zapatillas (Sp., 'slippers') (N.C.,

G.S.) [D1340]

Q'erapata, 3810m. Shrub from cracks in rock.
ch'ini phuytu (Qu., ch'ini, 'very small';
phuytu, 'rhomboid') (B.G., G.S.)
[D1603]

Plant has no use (G.S.). Phuytu varies to
phurutu (E.G.).

Calceolaria tripartite Ruiz & Pavon

Along the cordillera from Mexico to Chile;

Jamaica.

Cuper, 3800 m. Shrub in moist site.
zapatillas (Sp., 'slippers') (G.P.) [D1441]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1441]
Ch'usso, 3800 m. In small creek.

mayu zapatillas (Qu., mayu, 'running water';
Sp., zapatillas, 'slippers') (U.I.) [K275]
Use unknown (G.P., G.S., U.I.)

Cast ilk- ja fissifolia L.f.

Venezuela to Peru.
Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Herb on steep grassy

slope.

nuqchu [of some kind] (Qu.) suggested pos-
sible name (G.S.) [D1470]
Name and use unknown (A. Co.) [D1470]
Use unknown (G.S.).

Castilleja pseudopallescens Edwin

Southern Peru.

Cuper, 3100 m. Erect herb along trail.
duraznillo (Sp.) suggested name

(B.G.) [K319]
Name and use unknown (Am.Q., P.P.,

G.S.) [K319]
Use unknown (B.G.).

Castilleja pumila (Benth.) Wedd. ex Herrera

Ecuador to northern Chile and Argentina.

Cuper, 3810-4500 m. Herb in cracks of large

eroded rock called Maranqaqa (D1393)

and on summit of Antakillqa hill (D1716).

Taucca, 4050 m. Herb in moist soil near brook

(D1588).

puma mikhurana (Qu. from Sp., mejorana,
'marjoram') (L.P.) [D1716]

98

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

lakre lakre (Qu. from Sp., lacre, 'red') (G.P.,

G.S.) [D1393,D1588]
trago trago (Qu. from Sp., trago, 'cane al-
cohol') (G. A.) [D1716]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1393]
Tea made from entire plant is drunk to
counteract soroche (Sp., 'altitude
sickness') when going to high alti-
tudes (G.P.). Flowers sucked for nec-
tar (G.A., L.P.). Use unknown (G.S.).

Castilleja virgata Dombey ex Wedd.

Central Ecuador to Bolivia.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
lakre lakre (Qu. from Sp., lacre, 'red')

(G.S.) [D1559]

puka t 'ika lakre lakre (Qu., puka, 'red'; / 'ika,
'flower'; Sp., lacre, 'red') (M.H.)
[D1559]

Used to treat desmantu (Qu. from Sp.,
desmandadd), a form of lower back
pain (M.H.). Use unknown (G.S.).

Mimulus glabratus H.B.K.

Central United States south through the

mountains to Argentina.
Q'erapata (Ashnapuqyu), 3800 m. Herb in wet

seepage area (D1611).
Cuper, 3600 m. Herb in fen (D1409).
uqururu (Qu.) (D1409, D16JJ]
The leaves, like berros (Sp., 'watercress'),
are eaten raw in salads (N.C., B.G.,
G.S.) with lots of salt and a little oil.
They can also be ground in fruit juice
and drunk as a tonic (Sp., refresco),
to treat a hangover, among other ail-
ments (N.C.). They are sold in the
Cusco market.

Penstemon gentianoides (H.B.K.) Poiret

Native of Mexico and Guatemala. Intro-
duced as ornamental.
Cuper, 38 10 m. Cultivated plant in houseyard

garden.
cartucho (Sp., 'cartridge') [K106]

Flower of this cultivated plant is used for
decoration (G.S.).

Veronica peregrina L.

Widespread in Northern Hemisphere and

mountains of South America.
Ayllu Punqu (K'aparay), 3800 m. Herb in wet

soil in old field by Lake Piuray.
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [K268]

Veronica persica Poiret

Native of southwest Asia. Naturalized in

North America; south through the cor-
dilleras and temperate parts of South
America.

Cuper, 3810 m. Herb in pasture along trail.
puma mikhurana (Qu. mikhurana from Sp.,
mejorana, 'marjoram') (G.P.) [D1344]
pampa mikhurana (Qu., pampa, 'flat, low-
growing'; mikhurana from Sp., mejor-
ana, 'marjoram') (C.Q.) [D1344]
Entire plant and root is boiled, and the
tea is drunk to relieve pain during
childbirth (G.P.). Use unknown
(C.Q.).

SOLANACEAE

Brugmansia Candida Pers.

Of hybrid origin in Ecuador; now widely
planted and naturalized in the tropics
of both hemispheres.
Cuper, 3100 m. Naturalized shrub at edge of

maize plot.

kampachu (Qu.) [K244]
Use unknown (G.P.).

Cestrum conglomeratum Ruiz & Pavon

Colombia to Peru.

Cuper, 3300-3450 m. Shrub along brook.
nukhaw(Qu.) [D1749]
Name and use unknown (S.J.) [D1749]
Use unknown (G.S.).

Datura stramonium L. ssp. ferox (L.) Barclay comb,
nov. ined.

Native to South America; naturalized in arid
regions of North America and Africa.
Urquillos, 3100 m.

rurutillu (Qu., ruru, 'fruit') (P.P.) [K321]
khishqa khishqa (Qu., khishqa, 'thorn')

(B.G.) [K321]
ana panku (Qu.) possible name (U.I.)

[K321]
Name and use unknown (Am.Q., G.S.)

[K321]

Consumed as tea for stomach pains (U.I.).
Use unknown (B.G., P.P.).

Dunalia spinosa (Meyen) Dammer

Southern Peru.

Cuper, 3810 m. In hedgerows along trail.
t'anqar (Qu.) [D1364]
The name refers to the resemblance of
the spines to the way infants sleep
with their arms thrown up over their
heads (G.S.). The flower is used as a
purple dye (G.A.). This spiny shrub

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

99

is planted in hedgerows to fence in
animals.

Hebecladus sp.

(Saracha herrerae C. Morton appropriate
combination not yet made in Hebecladus)
Central to southern Peru.
Cuper, 3750-38 10 m. In moist soil along stone

fence by brook and along trail.
yawar ch 'unqa (Qu., yawar, 'blood'; ch 'unqa,

'suck') [D1360]
awilmantu (Qu.) (G.S.) [K114]
The edible fruit of awilmantu is called
puka ruru (Qu., puka, 'red'; ruru,
'fruit') (G.S.). The leaves are used to
stop bleeding. The leaf epidermis is
pulled back and the leaf is applied
to the wound (G.P.). Alternatively,
the fresh leaves may be ground and
applied as a poultice for the same
purpose (G.S.). Shepherds eat the
fruit of this plant, and paint their lips
with the red nectar from the corolla
to color them red.

Lycianthes lycioides (L.) Hassler

Colombia south to Chile and Argentina.
Yanacona, 3810m. On rock outcrop (D1402).
Cuper, 3700 m. Along trail (D1426).
qhishwat'anqar(Qu., qhishwa, 'warm place')

(G.S.) [D1402, D1426]
t'anqar khishqacha (Qu., khishqa, 'spiny

plant') (B.G.) [D1426]
yuraq t 'ika t 'anqar (Qu., yuraq, 'white'; / 'ika,
'flower') alternate name (N.C.)
[D1402]
Stems used as a broom (N.C.).

Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertner

Native of Peru, now widely cultivated as

ornamental.
Urquillos, 3000-3300 m. Along trail and in

old fields.

p'irqa (Qu.) (P.P.) [K303]
phalcha (Qu.) alternate name (B.G.)

[K303]

paya paya (Qu., paya, 'little old lady') al-
ternate name (C.R.) [K303]
willq'u (Qu.) alternate name (Am.Q.,

G.S.) [K303]

Tea made from this plant is drunk for
fever (P.P.).

Nicotiana glauca Graham

Peru to Argentina; elsewhere widely culti-
vated and naturalized.

Urquillos, 3000-3300 m. Shrub next to house

and in courtyard.

supay (supa) kayqu (Qu., supay, 'dev-
il') [K304]

Boiled and rubbed on body for rheu-
matism and as a disinfectant (U.I.).
Drunk in Chinchero and Puno for
relief from the cold (U.I.). A friend
we met on the trail was excited to
see our collection of this plant and
took some, explaining that his wife
had been hit in the eye with a stick
and was not getting better, and that
her continuing illness must be due
to a suq'a (Qu., 'bad spirit'). He was
going to boil this plant and rub it on
her body to take care of the problem.
C.R. corroborated the plant's use as
a bath, and added that p'aqus (Qu.,
'curers') take the plant in secret. They
intoxicate themselves by drinking
maize beer (Sp., chichd) into which
the leaves have been rubbed (C.R.).

Nicotiana tomentosa Ruiz & Pavon

Central Peru to Bolivia.
Cuper, 3300-3450 m. At edge of brook.
q'armatu (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1746]
paya paya qhura (Qu., paya, 'old lady';
qhura, 'herb') alternate name (S.J.)
[DJ746]

Fruit of capulf (Prunus serotina ssp. ca-
puli) is taken to market wrapped in
the leaves of this plant (S.J.).

Nicotiana undulata Ruiz & Pavon

Northern Peru to northwestern Argentina.
Q'erapata, 3800 m. In waste ground about

houses.

kamasayri (Qu., sayri, 'tobacco') [D1600]
The plant is toasted or passed through
the fire, then rubbed on aching stom-
achs, particularly children's (G.S.,
B.G.).

Salpichroa gayi Benoist

Southern Peru.
Cuper, 3600 m.
piris piris (Qu.) [D1420]

Children eat the rather bitter fruit (G.S.).

Salpichroa glandulosa (Hook.) Miers ssp. glan-
dulosa

Peruvian Andes.

Taucca, 4050-4500 m. From rocks on steep
slopes.

100

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill.
aqha aqha qhura (Qu., aqha, 'maize beer';
qhura, 'herb') (L.H., L.P.) [D1554,
D1707]
Name and use unknown (G.A., G.S.)

[D1554, DJ707]

Fruit is not edible; plant has no use (L.H.).
Children eat the fruit (L.P.).

Saracha herrerae Morton: see Hebecladus

Solanum acaule Bitter

Central Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina.
Cuper, 3810-3840 m. Herb along trail and
uncultivated in habas field below rock
outcrop called Antasakha.
atuq papa (Qu., atuq, 'fox') (G.P.,

G.S.) [D1353, F351]
Plant has no use (G.P.). Said by G.P. to
be the same as D1352 (Solanum
tuberosum).

Solanum aloysiifolium Dunal

Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 3360 m. Shrub on steep slope at

Puqpuq waterfall.
qusmayllu (Qu.) possible name [D1799]

Use unknown (B.C.).
muyu khaya (Qu.) (T.L.) [F297]
Useful as cattle forage (T.L.).

Solanum arequipense Bitter

Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 3810 m. Shrub along trail.
qusmayllu (Qu.) [DJ348]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1348]
Fruits of this plant are squeezed together
and added to water to wash hair in
the morning (G.P.).

Solanum glandulosipilosum Bitter

Peruvian Andes.

Cuper, 3600-3750 m. Shrub in moist soil on
Antakillqa hillside, at place on hillside
called Suytu Rumiyuq Pampa, and in
moist shady soil immediately below rock
outcrop called Chinkana.
qusmayllu (Qu.) [D1440, F348]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1440]
Used to wash the head, especially by
drunken or hung over women (G.P.).

Solanum marinasense Vargas

Peru (Department of Cusco).
Cuper, 3360-3750 m. Herb on steep talus
slope next to Puqpuq waterfall, and in

soil in deep cleft in rock outcrop called

Machu Tuq'uyuq Qaqa.
Name and use unknown (B.G.) [D1798]
atuq papa (Qu., atuq, 'fox') [F350]
k'ita papa, kipa papa (Qu., k'ita, 'fer-
al') [F350]

Use unknown (M.C., G.S.).

Solanum nitidum Ruiz & Pavon

Peru and Bolivia.

Q'erapata, 3800 m. Shrub on adobe walls.
nunumiya (Qu., nunu, 'breast') [D1602]
Name and use unknown (B.G.) [D1602]
The fruit of this plant is eaten by chiwaku
(Qu., a bird) (G.S.).

Solanum ochrophyllum Van Huerck & Muell. Arg.

Central Peru to Bolivia.
Cuper, 3350-3500 m. On hillside.
qusmayllu wayq'u (Qu.) [D1777]

Used to relieve the pain of drunkenness;
the leaves are heated in a pot, and
the affected person washes in the
steam (G.P.).

Solanum tuberosum L.

Central Andes. Cultivated in temperate re-
gions worldwide.
Umasbamba, 3800 m. Cultivated on open

pampa.
ch'iri papa: wanu (Qu., ch'iri,

'cold') [K149]

ch 'iri papa: q'usi (Qu., ch '/>/', 'cold') [Kl 50]

Ch 'iri papas are specialized for quite cold

places, grow short in stature (G.S.).

Pukamarka, 3800 m. Cultivated in fields (Jo.C.)

at edge of Lake Piuray.
yana papa (Qu., yana, 'black') [K168]
papa Olones (Clones is the name of a sector

ofChinchero) [K168]
Eugenio Aucapuma of Olones 'invented'
this potato, through breeding it from
seeds in the potato fruits (Qu., am-
barqutu). Everyone in Chinchero is
proud of this and of the fact that the
potato is widely used and known as
"Olones" (Jo.C.).
(papa) qumpis [K169]

Cultivated in field (Jo.C.).
(papa) mariba [K170]
This cultivar was brought to Chinchero
recently by the Ministry of Agricul-
ture (Jo.C.).
papa cusquena (Sp.) [KJ71]

Good potatoes to eat: to fry or eat boiled

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

101

in main dishes (Jo.C.)- This cultivar

was brought to Chinchero recently

by the Ministry of Agriculture (Jo.C.).

vana bole (papa) (Qu., yana,

'black') [K172]

This cultivar was brought to Chinchero
recently by the Ministry of Agricul-
ture (Jo.C.).

papa blanca (Sp., blanca, 'white') [KJ73]
This is an old (Sp., antiguo) potato cul-
tivar (Jo.C.).
Yanacona, 3850 m. Cultivated in fields of area

called Patakata.
yana suytu (papa) (Qu., yana, 'black'; suytu,

'long and pointed') [Kl 96]
yana wiraqucha (papa) (Qu., yana, 'black';

wiraqucha, 'white man') [K196]
virundis (Qu.?) [K196]
ruyaq wana (papa) (Qu., ruyaq,

'white') [K197]
Used for ch 'unu (Au.Q.).
puka qumpis (papa) (Qu., puka,

'red') [K198]
yana mariba (papa) (Qu., yana,

'black') [K199]
yungay (papa) (Sp., Yungay is a town

name) [K200]
alka qumpis (papa) [K201]

Best potato for eating (Au.Q.).
Ayllu Punqu (K'aparay), 3800 m. Cultivated
in terraced irrigated area on SE shore of
Lake Piuray.

imilla papa (Qu., imilla, 'twin') [K269]
Cuper, 3800 m. Cultivated in fields at edge

of ruins below community center.
papa mantaro (Sp., Mantaro is the name of

a river in Central Peru) [K312]
Cultivar name unknown [K313]
Cuper, 3810 m. Feral along trail.

atuq papa (Qu., at uq, 'fox') [D1352, K312]
No use (G.P.). D1352 was said by G.P.
to be the same as D1353 (Solanum
acaule), but growing in the shade.

All of the above were cultivated for food except
D1352.

Solanum zahlbruckneri Bitter

Peruvian Andes.
Ayllu Punqu, 3750 m. On steep bank above

brook.
Name and use unknown (B.C.) [D1756]

Solanum sp.

Cuper, 3840 m. Shallow soil around Anta-
sakha rock.

atuq papa (Qu., atuq, 'fox') [F352]
No use known (G.S.).

TROPAEOLACEAE

Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavon

In the Andes from southern Venezuela to
northern Argentina; both cultivated
and feral.
Cuper, 3450-3550 m. Vining over shrubs on

steep slope above Puqpuq waterfall.
k'ita anu (Qu., k'ita, 'feral') (G.S.) [D1463]
Pukamarka, 3800 m. Herb cultivated for edi-
ble tuber in fields by Lake Piuray.
yana anu (Qu., yana, 'black') [K155]
yana nawi (Qu., yana, 'black'; nawi,

'eye') [K155]

sambo anu (Sp., zambo, 'black') [K155]
Stems and tubers are both black (Jo.C.).

Harvested in September (Jo.C.).
Ch'ussu, 3800 m. Herb cultivated for edible

tuber in irrigated fields.
platdno anu (Qu. from Sp., pldtano, 'ba-
nana') [K276]

Name refers to shape of tuber.
Taucca, 3800 m. Herb cultivated for edible
tuber.
Name not recorded [K232]

Only a few families in Chinchero still cultivate
Tropaeolum tuberosum (Qu., anu), although it is
valued as a tuber complementary in taste and tex-
ture to potatoes, lisas, and oca. Anu is planted in
September in small quantities in fields at or above
3800 m., and harvested in June. The tubers are
eaten in the fields during harvest after baking in
an earth oven (Qu., wathiya), or stored to be boiled
and eaten later. Anu is not freeze-dried. To taste
good, tubers must be left in the sun for two days
if dug up at harvest time, or for two weeks if dug
up earlier in the year, say, in March.

Like oca, anu varietal names refer to a variety
of elements, including color 'yellow' (Qu., qhil-
lu), 'red' (Qu., puka), and black (Qu., yana); tuber
shape 'banana-shaped' (Sp., pldtano) and 'squash-
shaped' (Qu., sapallu); eye character, such as 'black-
eyed' (Qu., yana nawi). We were unable to confirm
the identity ofqanchis wata anu (Qu., 'seven-year-
anu'), which was reported to grow from seeds ac-
cidentally remaining in the soil and to produce
edible tubers after seven years, the period of one
cycle of sectoral fallowing. A single feral specimen
of Tropaeolum tuberosum (D1463), k'ita anu, was
said never to form tubers and so never to be eaten.
No other Tropaeolum species were found in
Chinchero.

102

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

UMBELLIFERAE

Arracacia aequatorialis Constance

Southern Ecuador to southern Peru.
Cuper, 3810 m. Herb along trail.
rakhacha (Qu.) [D1368]
Species is neither edible nor cultivated as
is A. xanthorrhiza (G.P.).

Arracacia peruviana (H. Wolff) Constance

Peru, 2800-3750 m.
Cuper, 3700 m. Wild herb along trail.
rakha rakha (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1424]
puna rakhacha (Qu.) (G.S.) [D1424]
Ayllu Punqu, 3750 m. In old field along brook.
k'ita rakhacha (Qu., k'ita, 'feral'; rakhacha,
'Arracacia xanthorrhiza') (T.H.,
G.S.) [K117]

The cooked stem is edible and eaten, al-
though G.S. commented negatively
that it tastes the way a newborn pup-
py smells. The plant is recognizable
by this smell (G.S.). To treat crazi-
ness, this herb is cooked in soup made
with the head of a black dog (G.S.).

Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft

Cultivated, West Indies to Peru and Boliv-
ia.

Cuper, 3200 m. Cultivated in field.
rhakhacha (Qu.) [K213]
Cultivated for the edible underground
portions (G.P.). L.P. planted rak-
hacha in his low, warm corn field as
an experiment to determine whether
or not he could make it grow in
Chinchero. His interest in planting a
wide range of cultigens was chal-
lenged by this crop which is consid-
ered impossible to grow at such a
high altitude. Ultimately, he decided
that it was not impossible, but also
was not worth the effort.

Azorella multifida (Ruiz & Pavon) Pers.

Colombia and Venezuela to Bolivia.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Forming dense cush-
ions on steep rock slopes.
puma tanqa (Qu.) (L.H., M.H.) [D1570]
supu supu (Qu.) alternate name (G.S.)

[D1570]
Plant has no uses (L.H., M.H., G.S.).

Bowlesia Ha bills J. F. Macbr.

Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina.
Cuper, 3810 m. Wild herb in houseyard gar-
den.

uphuy suru (Qu.) [K105]
Used to make a tea to treat a cough or
for breakfast (G.S.), or tea for infla-
macion intestinal (Sp.) (T.H.).

Bowlesia tropaeolifolia Gillies & Hook.

High Andes of Peru south to Tierra del Fue-

go.
Taucca, 4000-4200 m. In small depression

on cliff face.

Name and use unknown (T.H.,
G.S.) [K185]

Coriandrum sativum L.

Native to Mediterranean region. Widely
cultivated as condiment and adventive
in warmer parts of Western Hemi-
sphere.

Cuper, 3810 m. Cultivated in houseyard gar-
den.
culandro(Qu., from Sp. cilantro, 'coriander

leaves') [K109]

Leaves only are a condiment frequently
used in cooking and hot sauces. Sold
in Chinchero and Cusco markets.

Daucus montanus Humb. & Bonpl. ex Sprengel

Mexico to Patagonia.

Cuper, 3600-3900 m. In cracks of large rock

outcrop called Maranqaqa (D1379) and

under rock outcropping on Antakillqa

hillside (D169J).

hamp'atuperejil(Qu., hamp'atu, 'frog'; Sp.,

perejil, 'parsley') (G.S.) [D1379]
suk'a perejil (Qu.; Sp., perejil, 'parsley')

(G.S.) [D1379]
Of no use(G.S.).

puna colander (Qu., from Sp., cilantro, 'cor-
iander leaves') (L.P.) [D1691]
Used for tea for stomachache (L.P.). Root
is helpful when rubbed on a sore wrist
(B.G.). Leaves, which are said to
smell like cilantro, can be ground in
hot sauce (L.P.).

Eremocharis triradiata (H. Wolff) I.M. Johnston
Known only from Department of Cusco,

Peru, 2000-3400 m.
Cuper, 3100 m. Along trail.
qhishwa ruda (Qu., qhishwa, 'warm place';

Sp., ruda, 'rue') (B.C.) [K318]
culandro (Qu, from Sp. cilantro, 'coriander
leaves') (Am.Q., G.S.) alternate name
[K318]

Useful to rub on skin (Qu., kakunapaq)
in the same way as rue (Sp., ruda)
(B.G.).

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

103

Eryngium weberbaueri H. Wolff.
Southern Peru to Bolivia.
Cuper, 3800-3900 m. Herb cultivated in
houseyard garden and among grasses on
steep slope of Antakillqa hillside at place
called Unu Urphuyuq.
negro uman (Sp., negro, 'black'; Qu., uman,

'head') [K108, F302]
escobilla del cerro (Sp., 'little broom of the

hiU'MT.H.) [K108]
Used to treat bronchitis and desmantu
(Qu., from Sp., desmandado, waist-
level backache from exhaustion)
(G.S.). Used to make a tea to treat
coughs (T.L.). Use unknown (T.H.).
Sold in Chinchero and Cusco mar-
kets.

Foeniculum vulgare Miller

Native to Mediterranean region; adventive

throughout Western Hemisphere.
Cuper, 3810 m. Herb cultivated in houseyard

garden.

hinojo (Sp.) (N.C., A.Co., G.S.) [Dl 396]
Fennel, a cultivated herb. Main ingredi-
ent in sankhu, a food of ground
toasted habas, wheat, maize, and
dried peas (N.C.). Also used as tea
(N.C.), for breakfast and for stoma-
chache (G.S.). This plant has no
Quechua name.

Hydrocotyle urbaniana H. Wolff

Known only from Peruvian Andes.
Cuper, 3450-3900 m. Herb on hillside and

on moist rock.
buton buton (Qu. from Sp., baton, 'button'

or 'bud') (L.P.) [D1698]
chili chili (Qu.) (A.Ca., G.P.) [DJ480]
frutilla (Sp., 'strawberry') possible name

(B.C.) [D1698]

uphuy suru (Qu.) (G.A.) [D1698]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1480]
The peeled root is used to make a tea for
fevers (G.P.); the root is boiled and
its 'fruit' is eaten (E.G.). Drunk in
tea for ailments of the 'side' (Sp., cos-
ladd) (G.A.). Use unknown (L.P.).

Niphogeton stricta (H. Wolff) Mathias & Con-
stance

Known only from Andes of Peru.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb on steep rocky

slopes.

hamp'atu perejil (Qu., hamp'atu, 'frog'; Sp.,
perejil, 'parsley') [D1557]

No use reported (U.I.)- Plant may have
medicinal use (G.S.).

Oreomyrrhis andicola (Kunth) Hook. f.
Colombia to northern Argentina.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
Cuper, 3600-3900 m. Under rock outcrop-
ping.

hamp'atu perejil (Qu., hamp'atu, 'frog'; Sp.,
perejil, 'parsley') (B.G., L.H.) [D1530]
puna perejil (Qu., puna, 'high area'; Sp., pe-
rejil, 'parsley') possible name
(B.G.) [DJ530]

puna colander (Qu., puna, 'high area'; from
Sp. colander = cilantro, 'coriander
leaves') (L.P.) [D1691]
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1530]
Use unknown (L.H.). Used for tea for
stomachache (L.P.). Helpful to rub
the root on a sore wrist (E.G.).
Leaves, which smell like cilantro (Sp.,
'coriander leaves'), can be substitut-
ed for them in hot sauce and other
foods.

URTICACEAE

Pilea serpyllacea (H.B.K.) Wedd.

In the Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia.
Cuper, 3600-3700 m. Steep hillside.
aquy k'aqka (Qu., aqu, 'flour'; k'aqka are
small natural holes in stone where dirt
collects, which are the habitat of this
plant) [D1416, D1733]
qaqa uvas uvas (Qu., qaqa, 'rock'; Sp., uvas,

'grapes') (S.J.) [D1733]
Raw fruit is eaten by shepherds, and fed
to children who are slow in learning
to talk (G.S.).

Urtica dioica L.

Introduced weed from Eurasia.
Cuper, 3450-38 10m. Herb in rock walls along
trail (D1357) and in quebrada above
Puqpuq waterfall (D1491).
puka t'ulluyuq khisa (Qu., puka, 'red';
t'uiluyuq, 'stemmed'; khisa, 'net-
tle') [D1357]

chunchu khisa (Qu., chunchu, 'jungle na-
tive'; khisa, 'nettle') [D1357]
ortiga (Sp., 'nettle') [Dl 357]
mula khisa (Qu., khisa, 'nettle')

(G.S.) [D1491]

The plant is rubbed on the head for head-
ache (N.C.). The flower is made into
a tea with other spiny plants for

104

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

medicine against measles (N.C.).
Juice is expressed by rubbing plant
between hands (in a cloth) with chi-
cha (Sp., 'maize beer'). This juice is
drunk with trago (Sp., 'cane alcohol')
to counteract its effects (C.Q.). Used
to treat allergies by rubbing the fresh
plant on the body (G.S.).

Urtica urens L.

Introduced weed from Eurasia, widely dis-
tributed in the New World.
Cuper, 38 10 m. Herb in rich disturbed soil of

old pigpen in house courtyard.
puka t'ulluyuq khisa (Qu., puka, 'red';
t'ulluyuq, 'stemmed'; khisa, 'net-
tle') [K208]
Use unknown (G.P.).

VALERIANACEAE

Valeriana agrimoniifolia Killip

Central and southern Peru.
Yanacona, 3810 m. Herb on rock outcrop.
Cuper, 3700 m. On hillside.

Name and use unknown (N.C., G.S.)
[D1403, D1434]

Valeriana aff. andina Britton

Southern Peru and Bolivia.
Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill.
Name and use unknown (G.S.) [D1722]

Valeriana asplenifolia Killip

Peru (Cusco, Junin).

Cuper, 4000 m. In crack of rock and at place
called Masuk'ayuq on slopes of Antaki-
llqa hillside.
aquy k'aqka (Qu.) [F301]

Used to make a tea to treat a swollen
stomach (T.L.).

Valeriana coarctata Ruiz & Pavon
Central and southern Peru.
Taucca, 4000-4250 m. Herb on steep rocky

slopes, side of cliff.
cham chawi (Qu.) (L.H., G.S.) [D1524,

D1571, K189]
ch'iqu ch'iqu (Qu.) alternate name

(M.H.) [D1571]
Name and use unknown (B.G., G.S.,

U.I.) [D1524, K189]
Cuper, 4500 m. Summit of Antakillqa hill.
sara sara (Qu., sara, 'maize') [D17 14]
Name and use unknown (G.A.) [D1714]
Chawi chawi, the name from Taucca,
means very thin, like a dying person.

Sheep eat this plant but no other use
was reported (L.H., G.S., M.H., U.I.).
The Cuper specimen (D17I4) was
identified as sara sara, and said to
be the female (Sp., hembrd) of D 1653,
Altensteinia elliptica (L.P.).

Vaieriana decussata Ruiz & Pavon

Central and southern Peru.
Yanacona, 3750 m. Erect herb on large sculp-
tured rock outcrop called Chinkana.
wantu (wanti) khaya (Qu.) [F266A]
A cool (fresco, Sp.) plant, used to make
juice to treat fiebre intestinal (Sp.,
'internal fever'), called sunqu calor
in Quechua, afflicting children and
adults. Herb is pressed, and juice
expressed is used as rub.

Valeriana aff. herrerae Killip

Central and southern Peru.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Steep rocky slopes.
Name and use unknown [D1528]

Valeriana micropterina Wedd.

Southern Peru and Bolivia.
Taucca, 4000-4250 m. Herb on steep rocky

slopes and cliff faces.
aqha qupisun (Qu., aqha, 'maize beer') (G.S.,

U.I.) [D1546, K190]
sara sara (Qu., sara, 'maize') suggested name

(L.H.) [D1546]

Cuper, 3600-4500 m. By trailside, and on

Antakillqa hillside among mosses on rock,

in crack of rock on slopes, at place called

Masuk'ayuq, and at summit of hill.

aqha qupisun (Qu., aqha, 'maize beer')

(U.I.) [D1694,D1705]
culantropusu (Qu., from Sp. cilantro, 'cor-
iander') (B.C.) [D1705]
Name and use unknown (G.A.) [D1694,

D1705]

The root with epidermis is boiled for tea
given to babies and children with
distended stomachs, and as a cure
for babies with diarrhea or excessive
urination (L.H., L.P., G.S., U.I.).

Valeriana radicata Graebner

Southern Peru.

Taucca, 4000-4200 m. Herb on rock face.
Name and use unknown (B.G.,
G.S.) [K193]

Valeriana renifolia Killip

Central and southern Peru.
Cuper, 3700 m. Herb in steep banks.

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

105

Name and use
G.S.) [D1421]

unknown (G.P.,

Valeriana warburgii Graebn.

Yanacona, 3750 m. Erect herb on large sculp-
tured rock outcrop called Chinkana.
wantu (wanti) khaya (Qu.) [F266B]
A cool (fresco, Sp.) plant, used to make
juice to treat fiebre intestinal (Sp.,
'internal fever'), called sunqu color
in Quechua, afflicting children and
adults. Herb is pressed and juice is
expressed and used as rub.

VERBENACEAE

Aloysia fiebrigii Hayek

Southern Peru, Bolivia.
Cuper, 3400 m. Woody shrub on hillside.
cedron cedron (Qu., from Sp. cedro, 'ce-
dar') [D1757]
Prepared in a tea to treat headaches (G.P.).

Aloysia scorodonioides (H.B.K.) Cham. var. lopez-
palacii Mold.

Cusco, Peru.
Pirqa Kachun, 3000-3300 m. Woody shrub

on dry hillside.
Name and use unknown (E.G., Am.Q., P.P.,

C.R., G.S., U.I.) [K308]
Informants pointed out that this plant
was not pimpinilla (P.P.), lakre
(C.R.), kiyuna (C.R.), cedroncillo
(E.G., Am.Q., G.S.), or nuqchu
(E.G.).

Citharexylum pachyphyllum Mold.

Southern Peru.
Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Steep rocky slopes of

Antakillqa hillside.
murmunkis (Qu.?) (N.C., E.G., G.P.)

[D1655]

Wood used to make hoe handles; berries
provide a dye (G.P.). Our dye ex-
periments with this plant gave a blue
green on wool with alum mordant in
a neutral bath; pea green with alum
basic; and dull purple with alum acid.

Duranta afT. mandonii Mold.
Colombia to Bolivia.
Cuper, 3500-3600 m. Spiny shrub on steep

rocky slopes of Antakillqa hill.
t'anqar (Qu.) (G.P.) [D1664]
murmunkis (Qu.) (G.A., G.S.) [DI664]

uq'i sach'a (Qu.) (N.C., B.G.) possible

name [D1664]
wayruru (Qu.) (N.C., B.G.) possible

name [D1664]

Use unknown (G.P., G.S.). Useful as a
dye; not to be drunk (G.A.).

Verbena hayekii Mold.
Peru and Bolivia.
Yanacona, 3750 m. Herb in fallow field on

moist pampa.
mirminada (Qu.?) suggested name

(G.P.) [D1616]

pampa verbena (Qu., pampa, 'flat, low-
growing'; Sp., verbena) suggested name
(G.P.) [D1616]

pampa lakre lakre (Qu., pampa, 'flat, low-
growing'; Sp., lacre, 'red') suggested
name (G.P.) [D16J6]
Name and use unknown (B.G.) [D1616]
Use unknown (G.P.). Not khuhuqa (Qu.)
by smell (B.G.).

Verbena hispida Ruiz & Pavon

Ecuador to Chile and Argentina.
Cuper, 3330-3810 m. Along trail and in old

rocky field.
verbena (Sp.) (B.C., G.P., G.S.) [DJ350,

D1819]

The plant is boiled in water; the water is
allowed to cool, then used to wash
the head for headache (usually the
result of drinking too much trago
(Sp., 'cane alcohol') (B.G.). The en-
tire plant is rubbed on the body to
cleanse and give strength for running
(G.P.). No Quechua name for this
plant was reported.

VIOLACEAE

Viola pygmaea Juss. ex Poiret

Southern Peru and Bolivia.
Taucca, 4050-4250 m. Herb on steep rocky

slopes.

Cuper, 4200-4500 m. In shallow soil on slopes
of Antakillqa hillside at place called
K'iqtuyuqpata and at summit of hill.
q'ara maransiras (Qu., q'ara,

'skin') [D1536]

wallpa wallpa (Qu., wallpa, 'chicken') (G.A.,
B.G., T.L., L.P., G.S.) [DJ536,
D1701, F306]

Only known use as browse for sheep (T.L.,
L.P., G.S.).

106

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Conclusion

We do not treat here the complex system of
classification of plants used by the people of
Chinchero (see Franquemont, 1987). We briefly
describe, however, a single example to suggest the
nature of that logic, and to describe the chasm in
understanding that we, as investigators, had to
cross. Chinchero people identify a number of plants
as having male or female gender (cf. Girault, 1 984,
p. 30). The data suggest that people think of most
plants as bisexual. Plants present an array of sex
and gender configurations very different from those
which describe human beings. In the Quechua ex-
amples, 'male' or 'female' is the secondary term
in a two-part name, so that a plant can be referred
to simply by its name, one word, or if the occasion
warrants, be further identified as 'male' or 'fe-
male.' The Quechua words urqu ('male') and china
('female') are used to describe animals and some
plants, but not people. The age-related Quechua
terms used to describe people also specify their
sex, so that the addition of 'male' or 'female' would
be redundant. Chinchero people translate urqu and
china directly to the Spanish macho 'male' and
hembra 'female,' which are used by primary Span-
ish-speakers to refer respectively to males of any
age and to female children, as well as to animals.
These terms are familiar to all Chinchero residents
and can be used interchangeably.

We were anxious to learn what Quechua gender
identifications of plants might reflect. Since we had
not ever heard a Chinchero person explain plant
reproduction in sexual terms, we doubted that the
designations were based on ideas of reproductive
roles. We first speculated that gender might just
be a convenient designation for plants which had
two growth forms, an application of the handiest
dualism. We were not surprised to learn that most
male plants were tall and erect, while most female
plants were (relatively) short and squat; for ex-
ample, Perezia pungens ('male') and Perezia pin-
natifida ('female'). As a generalization, however,
the "convenience" hypothesis did not prove true.
Gender was not the only medium used to designate
varieties; some plants had four or five growth forms
which were distinguished by environmental pref-
erences, and sometimes only two forms were dis-
tinguished in this way. Although gender was ap-
plied to a few plants which had more than one
growth form but grew in the same general area,
such an application was not universal, and many
plants varied in ways which were not considered
noteworthy.

A different generalization did emerge. Many of
these plants were considered to be useful, and in
those cases, the female was more useful, stronger
in the desired character, more fertile in the sense
of providing an essence of utility, be it a dye (Bi-
dens spp.), a defense (Ruta graveolens), or a tea
(Bartsia cf. bartsioides). The male plant then was
weaker, sterile, infertile. These roles parallel other
aspects of this agricultural society in which the
earth is considered to be female, in which (as in
any other) female animals are worth more than
male animals because of their reproductive po-
tential.

The life cycle of a plant that grows in our own
woods provides a familiar illustration for the
Chinchero concept of equivalence of fat and juice,
fat and fertility, fat and female gender, and ulti-
mately fat and beauty. The jack-in-the-pulpit (Ar-
isaema triphyllum) is sequentially hermaphrodit-
ic: an individual plant regrows from its roots each
spring, taking either a male or a female form de-
pending on the nourishment it has received and
the moisture it has been able to store. During a
wet spring, the plant may be well enough fed to
take a female form, having stored the extra energy
needed to support the fertility of female growth.
In another, dryer year, it may re-emerge as a male.
Of course, we judge 'male' and 'female' in Arisae-
ma on the presence of male organs (producing
pollen) or female organs (carrying seeds), a dis-
tinction not generally recognized by Chinchero
people. But the plant's ontology also has parallels
with Quechua gender concepts. Quechua people
logically associate female, fertility, swelling, and
fat, and describe a life-style of sequential her-
maphroditism for kiyawcha (several orchid species)
based on the size of a plant's water-bearing pseu-
dobulb.

It is our hope that this work may serve as a basis
for further investigations by a wide range of re-
searchers into the many diverse topics of ethno-
botany.

Acknowledgments

A large number of people have worked to sup-
port our study since its inception in 1982. Support
for fieldwork was provided almost entirely by grants
from EARTHWATCH, Inc., and the project was
ably assisted by the following EARTHWATCH
volunteers: Patricia Adakonis, Peter Alcorn,
Deanna Alderman, Ellen Blosser, Margaret Buck,
Helen Daly, Christine Heman, Gladys Howard,

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

107

Susan Howard, Molly Hunter, Ernest Igou, Rob
Lcmelson, Al Lovejoy, Eunice Lovejoy, Ruth
Mead, Karl Richards, Winifred Ross, Irene Sale-
tan, and Anne Stockdale. Additional funding came
from private sources, and grants to C. Franque-
mont from the National Science Foundation, the
U.S. E>epartment of Education (Fulbright), and the
Social Science Research Council are gratefully ac-
knowledged.

We owe a great deal to the people of Chinchero
who generously shared their lives and knowledge
with us, among them, Guadelupe Alvarez, An-
gelica Concha, Adela Callanaupa, Nilda Callan-
aupa, Vicente Callanaupa, Jeronimo Cusihuaman,
Melchior Cusihuaman, Jose Cusihuaman, Lucia
Gomez, the late Benita Gutierrez, the late Anisette
Huaman, Maria Huaman, Lorenzo Huaman, Oc-
tavio Huaman, Tomas Huaman, Simeona Jaimes,
Teodora Livita, Graciano Pumaaylli, Lorenzo Pu-
maaylli, Pedro Pablo Pumayalli, A. Quillahua-
man, Amerigo Q., Cipriana Quispe, Genovevo
Sallo, and the late Julian Sallo, and in Cusco, Lucio
Cusihuaman. For sponsorship and support in the
field, we would like to thank Emma Cerrate and
Magda Chanco of the Museo de Historia Natural
'Javier Prado' in Lima; Manuel Chavez Ballon of
the University of Cusco.

The staff of Field Museum worked very hard to
complete this study. We would especially like to
thank Penny Matekaitis and Michael Dillon of
Field Museum, as well as the many other spe-
cialists who identified plants: I. Al-Shebazz, D. F.
Austin, F. Ayala, R. Barneby, F. Barrie, K. Bar-
ringer, R. Callejas, E. Christenson, L. Constance,
J. Cuatrecasas, G. Davidse, L. T. Dempster, C. H.
Dodson, T. Duncan, J. Engel, R. B. Faden, P.
Fryxell, V. Funk, R. E. Gereau, D. Griffin, R. M.
Harley, J. Henrich, M. J. Huft, A. T. Hunziker,

C. Jeffrey, S. Keel, R. M. King, S. Knapp, T. Koy-
ama, S. Laegaard, E. Landolt, J. Luteyn, H. E.
Luther, A. Meerow, U. Molau, H. Moldenke, M.
Nee, E. Norman, P. Ponce de Leon, M. Poston, J.
S. Pringle, P. Raven, R. Rollins, B. Simpson, R.
Singer, D. N. Smith, L. Smith, D. D. Soejarto, W.

D. Stevens, R. G. Stolze, B. L. Turner, W. L. Wag-
ner, J. Wurdack, and A. D. Zimmerman.

The authors would like to acknowledge the help
of Richard Evans Schultes; Lawrence Carpenter
(for Quechua); Robin Foster; the Bailey Horto-
rium, in particular, the late Michael Whalen, San-
dra Knapp, and Bob Dirig; and of Tom Holloway,
Lourdes Brache and Billie Jean Isbell of the Cor-
nell Latin American Studies Program, especially
for computer support.

We are grateful to the institutions and individ-
uals who contributed to the publication fund for
this volume: The World Wildlife Fund, Field Mu-
seum of Natural History, Clark S. Robinson, Jr.,
Clark S. Robinson III, and Robert Leathers and
Cheryl Nickel.

WWF

Literature Cited

ALCINA FRANCH, JOSE. 1976. Arqueologia de Chinch-
ero. Vol. 1, La Arquitectura. Ministerio de Asuntos
Exteriores, Madrid.

ALCORN, JANIS. 1984. Huastec Mayan Ethnobotany.
University of Texas Press, Austin, 982 pp.

BASTIEN, JOSEPH. 1982. Herbal curing by Qollahuaya
Andeans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 6: 13-28.

BERLIN, BRENT, D. E. BREEDLOVE, AND P. H. RAVEN.
1974. Principles of Tzeltal Plant Classification. Ac-
ademic Press, New York, 660 pp.

BRISTOL, MELVIN L. 1 968. Sibundoy Agricultural Vege-
tation, pp. 575-602. Actas y Memorias del 37 Con-
greso Internacional de Americanistas, vol. 2. Buenos
Aires.

BRUNEL, GILES R. 1975. Variation in Quechua folk
biology. Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berke-
ley, 268 pp.

BRUSH, STEPHEN B. 1977. Mountain, Field and Family:
The Economy and Human Ecology of an Andean Val-
ley. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia,
199pp.

BRUSH, STEPHEN B., H. J. CARNEY, AND Z. HUAMAN.
1981. Dynamics of Andean potato agriculture. Eco-
nomic Botany, 35: 70-88.

CARDENAS, MARTIN. 1969. Manual de plantas econ-
omicas de Bolivia. Imp. Icthus, Cochabamba, Bolivia,
421 pp.

CARTER, WILLIAM E. 1978. Traditional Use of Coca
Leaf in Bolivia: Multidisciplinary Study, Final Report.
Museo Nacional de Etnografia y Folklore, La Paz, 269
pp.

. 1980. Coca in Bolivia. UFLA/NIDA: TU-

TAPI.

COBO, BERNABE. 1891 (1654). Historia del Nuevo
Mundo. Sociedad de Bibliofilos Andaluces, Madrid,
4 vols.

CONTRERAS HERNANDEZ, JESUS. 1985. Subsistencia,
ritual y poder en los Andes. Editorial Mitre, Barcelona,
Spain, 224 pp.

CORRELL, DONOVAN S. 1962. The Potato and Its Wild
Relatives. Texas Research Foundation, Renner, Tex-
as, 606 pp.

DAVIS, E. WADE, AND J. YOST. 1983. The ethnobotany

108

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

of the Waorani of eastern Ecuador. Botanical Museum
Leaflets, 29: 159-217.

FISHER, WENDY. 1976. An ethnobotanical study: Me-
dicinal plants of highland Peru. B.A. thesis, Pomona
College, Claremont, Calif., 84 pp. [copy in Field Mu-
seum of Natural History].

FORD, RICHARD I., ED. 1978. The Nature and Status
of Ethnobotany. Anthropological Papers No. 67. Mu-
seum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, 428 pp.

FRANQUEMONT, CHRISTINE R. 1979. Watching, watch-
ing, counting, counting. Human Nature, March.

. 1 982. The Chinchero center for traditional cul-
ture. Cultural Survival Quarterly, 6: 26.

-. 1986. Chinchero Pallays: An Ethnic Code, pp.

331-338. In Rowe, Ann P., ed., The Junius B. Bird
Conference on Andean Textiles. The Textile Museum,
Washington, D.C.

-. 1987. Chinchero plant categories: An Andean

logic of observation. Ph.D. diss., Cornell University,
Ithaca, N.Y., 223 pp.

-. In press. Learning to weave in Chinchero. In

Lechtman, Heather, and A. M. Soldi, eds. La tecno-
logia en el mundo andino: Runakunap Kawsaynink-
upag Rurasqankunaqa, vol. 2. Institute de Investiga-
ciones Antropologicas, Universidad Nacional
Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City.
FRANQUEMONT, EDWARD M . 1982. Reserved shed peb-
ble weave in Peru, pp. 43-53. In Rogers, Nora, and
M. Stanley, eds., In Celebration of the Curious Mind:
A Festschrift To Honor Anne Blinks on Her 80th
Birthday. Interweave Press, Loveland, Colo.

. 1983. Why do you think they call it Moray?
Paper presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the
Institute of Andean Studies, Berkeley, Calif.

-. 1987. The threads of time, pp. 81-92. InSche-

vill, Margot, ed., Costume as Communication. Haf-
fenreffer Museum of Brown University, Providence,
R.I.

FRANQUEMONT, EDWARD M., AND C. R. FRANQUEMONT.
1986. Hem ia Gutierrez: Perfection was her only sig-
nature. A Report. [Journal of the] Museum of Folk and
Craft Art, Los Angeles.

. 1 987 [ 1 988]. Learning to weave in Chinchero.
Textile Museum Journal, 26: 56-79.

FREEMAN, PETER H. 1963. Some Factors Affecting Land
Use in Chinchero, Peru. Interamerican Institute of
Agricultural Sciences of the O.A.S., Tropical Center
of Research and graduate training, Turrialba, Costa
Rica.

GADE, DANIEL W. 1 966. Achira, the edible Canna, its
cultivation and use in the Peruvian Andes. Economic
Botany, 20:407-415.

. 1 972. Setting the stage for domestication: Bras-

sica weeds in Andean peasant ecology. Proceedings of
the Association of American Geographers, 4: 38-40.
-. 1975. Plants, Man and the Land in the Vil-

canota Valley of Peru. W. Junk, The Hague, 240 pp.

GIRAULT, Louis. 1984. Kallawaya: Guerisseurs Itiner-
ants des Andes. ORSTOM, Paris, 668 pp.

GROBMAN, A., W. SALHUANA, AND R. SEVILLA, IN COLLA-
BORATION WITH T. MANGELSDORF. 1961. Races of

Maize in Peru. National Academy of Sciences, Na-
tional Research Council Publication 915, Washington,
D.C.

HERRERA GARMENDIA, FORTUNATO L. 1933a. La du-
plicacion de las voces en la nomenclature indigena.
Revista del Museo Nacional (Lima), 2: 3-8.

. 1933b. Nomenclature binaria indigena. Re-
vista del Museo Nacional (Lima), 2: 131-136.

1937. Botanistas de fines del siglo XVIII. Re-

vista del Museo Nacional (Lima), 6: 95-124.

. 1938. Plantas que curan y plantas que matan

de la flora del Departamento del Cuzco. Revista del
Museo Nacional (Lima), 9: 73-128.

-. 1939. Catalogo alfabetico de los nombres vul-

gares y cientificos de las plantas que existen en el Peru.
Universidad San Marcos, Lima, 363 pp.

-. 1 940a. Investigaciones de la flora del Cuzco y

estado actual de nuestros conocimientos acerca de ella.
Revista del Museo Nacional (Lima), 10: 78-90.
-. 1 940b. Enumeration de algunos nombres que-

chuas atendiendo a su silaba terminal. Revista del

Museo Nacional (Lima), 10: 189-200.

. 1941. Sinopsis de la Flora del Cusco.

. 1942. Glosario. Nomenclature fisica de las

plantas del Cuzco atendiendo a la indole de las lenguas
de su origen. Revista del Museo Nacional (Lima), 12:
41-60.

JOHNS, TIMOTHY A., AND G. H. N. TOWERS. 1981. Is-
othiocyanates and thioureas in enzyme hydrolysis of
Tropaeolum tuberosum. Phytochemistry, 20: 2687-
2689.

JOHNS, TIMOTHY, AND S. L. KEEN. 1 986. Ongoing evo-
lution of the potato on the altiplano of western Bolivia.
Economic Botany, 40: 409-424.

KING, STEVEN R. 1982. Estudio Preliminar de la et-
nofarmacologia tredicional y la salud general de los
Angotero-Secoya del Norte del Peru. Amazonia Per-
uana, 3: 39^9.

. 1988. Economic botany of the Andean tuber
crop complex: Lepidium meyenii, Oxalis tuberosa,
Tropaeolum tuberosum and Ullucus tuberosus. Ph.D.
diss., City University of New York, New York.

KING, STEVEN R., AND S. N. GERSHOFF. 1987. Nutri-
tional evaluation of three under-exploited Andean tu-
bers: Oxalis tuberosa, Ullucus tuberosus, and Tro-
paeolum tuberosum. Economic Botany, 41: 503-51 1.

LEON, JORGE. 1964. Plantas Alimenticias Andinas.
Boletin Tecnico No. 6, Institute Interamericano de
Ciencias Agricolas, Zona andina, Lima, 1 1 2 pp.

LIRA, JORGE A. 1 946. Farmacopea tradicional y indi-
gena y practicas rituales. El Condor, Lima, 107 pp.

MACBRIDE, J. FRANCIS, ED. 1 936-1 98 1 . Flora of Peru.
Fieldiana: Botany, Field Museum of Natural History,
Chicago.

MEYER, ENRIQUE J. 1974. Reciprocity, Self-sufficiency
and Market Relations in a Contemporary Community
in the Central Andes of Peru. Cornell University Latin
American Studies Program Dissertation series, No.
72, Ithaca, N.Y.

MONTALVO, ABNER S. 1965. Chinchero social struc-
ture: A Mestizo-Indian community of south Peru. M.A.
thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 220 pp.

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

109

NILES, SUSAN. 1987. Callachaca: Style and Status in an

Inca Community. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City,

248 pp.
NUNEZ DEL PRADO, OSCAR. 1 949. Chinchero: Un pueblo

andino del Sur. Revista de la Universidad de Cuzco,

2nd sem.. No. 97.
ORLOVE, BENJAMIN S., AND R. GODOY. 1986. Sectoral

fallowing systems in the central Andes. Journal of Eth-

nobiology, 6: 169-204.
PACINI, DEBORAH, AND C. R. FRANQUEMONT, EDS. 1 986.

Coca and Cocaine: Effects on People and Policy in

Latin America. Cornell Univ. Latin American Studies

Program/Cultural Survival, Cambridge, Mass., 166 pp.
PORTER, CEDRIC L. 1959. Taxonomy of Flowering

Plants. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, Calif., 472 pp.
REAL ACADEMIA ESPANOLA. 1984. Diccionario de la

Lengua Espanola, ed. 20. Madrid, 2 vols.

ROSTWOROWSKI DE DlEZ CANSECO, MARIA. 1970. LOS

Ayarmaca. Revista del Museo Nacional (Lima), 36:
58-101.

ROWE, JOHN H. 1946. Inca culture at the time of the
Spanish conquest, pp. 1 83-330. In Steward, Julian H.,
ed., Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 2,
The Andean Civilizations. Bulletin 143, Bureau of
American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, D.C.

SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA, PEDRO. 1907(1572). Segunda
parte de la historia general llamada yndica. English
translation by Clements Markham. The Hakluyt So-
ciety, Cambridge, England, 395 pp.

SCHULTES, RICHARD E. 1986. Recognition of variability
in wild plants by Indians of the northwest Amazon:
An enigma. Journal of Ethnobiology, 6: 229-238.

SHERBONDY, JEANNETTE. 1982. The canal systems of
Hanan Cuzco. Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, Ur-
bana.

SOUKUP, JAROSLAV. 1970. Vocabulario de los Nombres
Vulgares de la Flora Peruana. Colegio Salesiano, Lima,
381 pp.

TOLEDO, FRANCISCO DE. 1974 (1575). Visita general del
Peru por el virrey Don Francisco de Toledo. Edit. El
Sol, Arequipa, Peru, 175 pp.

Tosi, JOSEPH G. 1 960. Zonas de vida natural en el Peru.
Institute Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas, Zona
Andina. Boletin Tecnico No. 5. Lima, 271 pp.

TOWLE, MARGARET. 1961. The Ethnobotany of Pre-
Columbian Peru. Aldine Publishing Co., Chicago, 1 80
pp.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1971. Preparing
Herbarium Specimens of Vascular Plants. Agricultural
Research Service, Agriculture Information Bulletin No.
348, Washington, D.C., 29 pp.

VALCARCEL ESPARZA, CARLOS. 1977. Tupac Amaru,
Precursor de la Independencia. Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos/OAS, Lima, 20 1 pp.

VALDIZAN, HERMILIO, AND A. MALDONADO. 1985
(1922). La Medicina Popular Peruana. Imprenta Torres
Aguirre, Lima, 3 vols.

VICKERS, WILLIAM T., AND T. PLOWMAN. 1 984. Useful
plants of the Siona and Secoya Indians of eastern Ec-
uador. Fieldiana: Botany, n.s., 15: 1-63.

VILLANUEVA URTEAGA, HORACIO. 1982. Cuzco 1689:
Informes de los parrocos al obispo Mollinedo. CERA
bartolome de las casas, Cusco, 508 pp.

WEBERBAUER, AUGUSTO. 1945 (1911). El Mundo Ve-
getal de los Andes Peruanos. Ministerio de Agricul-
ture, Lima.

YACOVLEFF, E., AND F. HERRERA. 1934-1935. El mun-
do vegetal de los antiguos Peruanos. Revista del Mu-
seo Nacional (Lima) 3: 241-322; 4: 29-102.

110

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Index of Local Names

Local name

Latin name

Family

achanqharas

Begonia clarkei

Begoniaceae

achira

Canna x indica

Cannaceae

achupaylla

Puya ferruginea

Bromeliaceae

achuqcha

Cyclanthera brachybotrys

Cucurbitaceae

k'ita achuqcha

ahinhus

Artemisia absinthium

Composilae

albergas blancas

Pisum sativum

Leguminosae

albergas rojas

alfa

Melilotus indica

Leguminosae

alfa alfa

Medicago saliva

alfalfa

(also alfalfa

alfalfa falsa
allpalla
alosima

amapolas del campo
am bar ambar

Melilotus indica
Crotalaria incana
Medicago lupulina
Melilotus indica
Diploschistes aff. hypoleucus
Salvia verbenacea
Argemone mexicana
Cynanchum tarmense
Sarcostemma solanoides
Dioscorea incayensis
Dioscorea piperifolia

Lichen: Diploschistaceae
Labiatae
Papaveraceae
Asclepiadaceae

Dioscoreaceae

Phaseolus augustii

Leguminosae

ambrosacha

Senecio calcensis

Compositae

angel tawna

angel tawnin

Loasa cuzcoensis

Loasaceae

anis

pampa anis

Vilobia praetermissa

Compositae

ana panku

Datura stramonium ssp. ferox

Solanaceae

panqu

Erdisia aff. erecta

Cactaceae

anu

k'ita anu

Tropaeolum tuberosum

Tropaeolaceae

platano anu

sambo anu

yana anu

yana nawi

aqha qupisun

Calandrinia acaulis

Portulacaceae

Valeriand micropterina

Valerianaceae

aquy k'aqka

Pilea serpyllacea

Urticaceae

aselgas

Rumex crispus

Polygonaceae

atuq ulluku

Ullucus tuberosus

Basellaceae

avena

Avena sterilis

Gramineae

awarunkhu

Puya weberbaueri

Bromeliaceae

awilmantu

Hebecladus sp.; Saracha herrerae

Solanaceae

aya huqta

Cheilanthes incarum

Fern: Pteridaceae

ayaq t'ika

Alonsoa meridionalis

Scrophulariaceac

ayaq waqtan

Cheilanthes pruinata

Fern: Pteridaceae

Hypotrachyna sp.

Lichen: Parmeliaceae

Xanthoparmelia peruviensis

bolsa bolsa

Draba aff. cuzcoensis

Cruciferae

boton boton

Ranunculus breviscapus

Ranunculaceae

buton buton

Hydrocotyle urbaniana

Umbelliferae

cabra cabra

Cynanchum tarmense

Asclepiadaceae

campanilla

Fuchsia boliviano

Onagraceae

chhilin campanilla

Fuchsia apetala

capuli

Prunus serotina ssp. capuli

Rosaceae

cartucho

Penstemon gentianoides

Scrophulariaceae

cebada

Hordeum vulgare

Gramineae

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

111

Local name

Latin name

Family

cebolla cebolla

Werneria nubigenia

Compositae

Werneria staticaefolia

Mastigostyla sp.

Iridaceae

cedron cedron

Aloysia fiebrigii

Verbenaceae

ch'ankil

Elodea potamogeton

Hydrocharitaceae

ch'apu ch'apu

Teloschistes exilis

Lichen: Teloschistaceae

Usnea sp.

Lichen: Usneaceae

ch'irti phuytu

Calceolaria sparsiflora

Scrophulariaceae

ch'iqu ch'iqu

Valeriana coarctata

Valerianaceae

ch'ullqu (ch'ullku)

Oxalis petrophila

Oxalidaceae

pampa ch'ullqu (ch'ullku)

ch'ullqus (ch'ullkus)

Nothoscordum andicola

Liliaceae

Crotalaria incana

Leguminosae

Oxalis peduncularis var. pilosa

Oxalidaceae

chachaquma

Escallonia resinosa

Saxifragaceae

chawi chawi

Valeriana coarctata

Valerianaceae

chili chili

Geranium patagonicum

Geraniaceae

Geranium sessiliflorum

Geranium weddellii

Anemone helleborifolia

Ranunculaceae

Hydrocotyle urbaniana

Umbelliferae

chichira

Lepidium bipinnatifidum

Cruciferae

chilka

Baccharis latifolia

Compositae

china china

Senecio herrerae

Compositae

chinchamali

Krameria lappacea

Krameriaceae

chinchirkuma

Mutisia acuminata

Compositae

chiqchi

Berberis cliffortioides

Berberidaceae

qhishwa ch'iqchi

Berberis boliviano

Berberis saxicola

upa ch'iqchi

chiqchipa

Tagetes multiflora

Compositae

chiqllumay

Vallea stipularis

Elaeocarpaceae

chiqllurway

Vallea stipularis

Elaeocarpaceae

chiri chiri

Grindelia boliviana

Compositae

Thalictrum decipiens

Ranunculaceae

chiwanway

Stenomesson recurvatum

Amaryllidaceae

Stenomesson incarnatum

cilantro

puna colander

Daucus montanus

Umbelliferae

Oreomyrrhis andicola

culandro

Coriandrum sativum

Eremocharis triradiata

culantro pusan

Thalictrum decipiens

Ranunculaceae

culantro pusan

Thalictrum decipiens

Ranunculaceae

clavel

Dianthus barbatus

Caryophyllaceae

pampa clavel

Calandrinia alba

Portulacaceae

Calandrinia ciliata

coca

Erythroxylum coca

Erythroxylaceae

inca coca

Polypodium angustifolium var. angustifolium

Fern: Polypodiaceae

Polypodium buchtienii

Polypodium sp. (subg. Polypodium)

Polypodium aff. polypodioides

inca coca de la puna

Pellaea ternifolia var. ternifolia

Fern: Pteridaceae

coca coca

Aphanactis villosa

Compositae

cola de caballo

Equisetum bogotense

Equisetaceae

corbojo

Lamium amplexicaule

Labiatae

duraznillo

Conyza canadensis

Compositae

Epilobium denticulatum

Onagraceae

Castilleja pseudopallescens

Scrophulariaceae

durazno

Prunus persica

Rosaceae

dura/no dura/no

Relbunium croceum ssp. involucratum

Rubiaceae

escobilla

Cirsium vulgare

Compositae

112

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Local name

Latin name

Family

eucalipto, eucalistu
fawka

f r in i 1 la frill i I la
frutilla. k'ita trut ilia

granadillas

habas

paluqu habas
puquchun habas
puka habas
q'umir habas
habas blancas

haminqay
pampa haminqay

hanq'as

hataqllu

hinojo

husqa

wana husqa
pampa husqa
huwisk'i

ichu

iri ichu
ichu ichu

Eucalyptus globulus

Flourensia polycephala
Fuchsia apetala
Fragaria vesca

Passiflora pinnatistipula
Viciafaba

Lysipomia laciniata var. laciniata
Lupinus cf. hornemanii
Lupinus prostratus
Lupinus aff. prostratus
Bartsia sp., prob. nov.
Myriophyllum quitense
Foeniculum vulgare
Dalea exilis

Astragalus weddellianus
Dalea pazensis
Erdisia aff. erecta

Brachypodium mexicanum
Calamagrostis glacialis
Festuca dolichophylla
Festuca sublimis
Nasella aff. linearifolia
Nasella pubiflora
Stipa ichu

Sisyrinchium junceum
Sisyrinchium laxum

Myrtaceae

Compositae
Onagraceae
Rosaceae

Passifloraceae
Leguminosae

Campanulaceae
Leguminosae

Scrophulariaceae
Halorrhagidaceae
Umbelliferae
Leguminosae

Cactaceae
Gramineae

Iridaceae

Plantago lamprophylla

Plantaginaceae

isphinhuy

Aristeguietia (Eupatoriuni) discolor

Compositae

k'anlli

Senecio spinosus

Compositae

k'aqlla

Opuntia aff. subulata

Cactaceae

kamasayri

Nicotiana undulata

Solanaceae

kampachu

Brugmansia x Candida

Solanaceae

kanchalawa

Schkuhria pinnata

Compositae

karwinchu

Argemone mexicana

Papaveraceae

khallampa

pacha khallampa

Morchella data

Fungi: Morchellaceae

Morchella esculenta

khana

Munnozia lyrata

Compositae

khishqa khana

Sonchus asper

llampu khana

Sonchus oleraceus

khisa

chunchu khisa

Caiophora rosulata

Loasaceae

Urtica dioica

Urticaceae

mula khisa

Urtica dioica

puka t'ika khisa

Caiophora cirsiifolia

Loasaceae

puka t'ikaq khisa

Caiophora rosulata

puka t'ikayuq khisa

Caiophora stenocarpa

puka t'ulluyuq khisa

Urtica dioica

Urticaceae

Urtica urens

suq'a khisa

Phacelia pinnatifida

Hydrophyllaceae

upa khisa

Sonchus oleraceus

Compositae

khishqa

Erdisia aff. erecta

Cactaceae

alka khishqa

Cirsium vulgare

Compositae

estrella khishqa

Acicarpha procumbens

Calyceraceae

t'anqar khishqacha

Lycianthes lycioides

Solanaceae

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

113

Local name

Latin name

Family

khishqa khishqa

Datura stramonium ssp. ferox

Solanaceae

khuchi khuchi

Hypoxis decumbens

Amaryllidaceae

Chloraea reticulata

Orchidaceae

Anthericum eccremorrhizum

Liliaceae

Anthericum herrerae

khunuqa

Satureja boliviano

Labiatae

pampa khunuqa

Hedeoma mandonianum

khuytu

Chenopodium quinoa spp. milleanum

Chenopodiaceae

khuyu

Scirpus californicus

Cyperaceae

pampa khuyu

Juncus dotnbeyanus

Juncaceae

kiku

Bidens andicola

Compositae

Bidens pilosa

Ranunculus praemorsus var. praemorsus

Ranunculaceae

hembra kiku

Bidens andicola var. andicola

Compositae

qhishwa kiku

Bidens andicola

macho kiku

Bidens andicola var. descomposita

kipalvu

Alternanthera caracasana

Amaranthaceae

kiswar

Buddleja incana

Loganiaceae

puna kiswar

Buddleja coriacea

kiyawcha

Epidendrum cf. densifolium

Orchidaceae

Oncidium cf. aureum

kunquna

Villadia virgata

Crassulaceae

Peperomia galioides

Piperaceae

Peperomia sp.

kuychi kuychi

Villadia virgata

Crassulaceae

lacre

Siphocampylus tupaeformis

Campanulaceae

lagre, lakre lakre

Bartsia cf. bartsioides

Scrophulariaceae

pampa lakre lakre

Bartsia diffusa

Verbena hayekii

Verbenaceae

puka t'ika lakre lakre

Castilleja virgata

Scrophulariaceae

lakre lakre

Castilleja pumila

Castilleja virgata

Bartsia inaequalis

Bartsia diffusa

layu

Trifolium amabile var. amabile

Leguminosae

Trifolium amabile var. pentlandii

la > u layu

Trifolium amabile var. amabile

leche leche

Ipomoea minuta

Convolvulaceae

pampa sunqu lirio

Sisyrinchium caespitificum

Iridaceae

lisa(s)

atuq lisa

Ullucus tuberosus

Basellaceae

papas lisas

phantasma lisas

qhillu chuqcha lisas

tiqtiharo lisas

yuraq lisas

zanahoria lisas

arequipa lisas

llanten llanten

Malaxis excavata

Orchidaceae

llaqhi

Rumex crispus

Polygonaceae

Rumex cuneifolius

llawlli

Barnadesia berberoides

Compositae

qhillu t'ikaq llawlli

Chuquiraga spinosa

Compositae

ruyaq llawlli

Barnadesia berberoides (vel aff.)

Compositae

uchu k'aspa llawllicha

Chuquiraga spinosa

lluki

Kakeneckia lanceolata

Rosaceae

llullu

Brass ica campestris

Cruciferae

llullucha

Nostoc commune

Algae: Nostocaceae

hamp'atu llullucha

Anacystis aeruginosa

Algae: Chroococcaceae

lluq'i lluq'i

Linum oligophyllum

Linaceae

lluthu lluthu

Moschopsis sp.

Calyceraceae

lluttu lluttu

Hesperomeles lanuginosa

Rosaceae

lomo lomo

Hypseocharis bilobata vel. aff.

Oxalidaceae

114

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Local name

Latin name

Family

luraypu

macha macha
maki maki

malvas
manka p'aki

man ka paki

man/an. i

manzanilla

maransiras

q'ara maransiras
margaritas

markhu
matiqllu
maych'a

hayaq maych'a

llamaq mikhuna maych'a

maych'a maych'a qhura
mejorana
puma m i khurana

pampa mikhurana
michi michi

mirminada
molle
mostaza
mostazilla

mayu mostazilla

much'u

khuchi much'u

caballuq muchun
mullaka
muna
muqu muqu

murmunkis
muthuy

nabo

naranja naranja
negro uman
niwa

q usi niwa

Echeveria aff. chiclensis
Echeveria aff. peruviana

Pernettya prostrata

Plagiochasma rupestre

Athalamia andina

Peltigera polydactyla

Peltigera praetextata

Sticta aff. boliviano

Lunularia cruciata

Malva parviflora

Stevia rhombifolia var. stephanacoma

Mirabilis prostrata

Viguiera procumbens

Eupatoriwn sternbergianum

Malus sylvestris

Matricaria recutita

Sp. indet.

Lobelia tenera

Viola pygmaea

Leucanthemum vulgare

Werneria pygmaea

Werneria villosa

Ambrosia artemisioides

Ranunculus breviscapus

Eupatorium pentlandianum
Senecio rudbeckiifolius
Eupatorium cuzcoense
Senecio parvocapitatus
Senecio rudbeckiifolius
Arcytophyllum thymifolium

Castilleja pumila
Veronica persica

Draba aff. D. cuzcoensis

Nasturtium officinale

Verbena hayekii

Schinus molle

Brassica aff. B. nigra or B. juncea

Nasturtium officinale
Sisymbrium cf. oleraceum

Juncus imbricatus
Juncus tenuis var. platycaulos
Muehlenbeckia vulcanica
Minthostachys glabrescens
Cyperus hermaphroditus
Baccharis genistelloides
Mirabilis prostrata
Citharexylum pachyphyllum
Senna versicolor

Brassica campestris
Ephedra americana
Eryngium weberbaueri
Cortaderia jubata
Cortaderia sp. (sect. Cortaderid)
Lamprothyrsus hieronymi
Lamprothyrsus hieronymi
Muhlenbergia rigida
Bothriochloa saccharoides

Crassulaceae

Ericaceae

Hepaticae: Aytoniaceae
Hepaticae: Cleveaceae
Lichen: Peltigeraceae

Lichen: Stictaceae

Hepaticae: Lunulariaceae

Malvaceae

Compositae

Nyctaginaceae

Compositae

Rosaceae

Compositae

Compositae

Campanulaceae

Violaceae

Compositae

Compositae
Ranunculaceae

Compositae

Rubiaceae
Scrophulariaceae

Cruciferae

Verbenaceae

Anacardiaceae

Cruciferae

Cruciferae

Juncaceae

Polygonaceae

Labiatae

Cyperaceae

Compositae

Nyctaginaceae

Verbenaceae

Leguminosae

Cruciferae

Gymno: Ephedraceae

Umbelliferae

Gramineae

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

115

Local name

Latin name

Family

niwaq qhura

Stipa ichu

Gramineae

noga!

Juglans neotropica

Juglandaceae

nudo nudo

Baccharis genistelloides

Compositae

Aukhaw

Cestrum conglomeratum

Solanaceae

AuAumiya

Psoralea pubescens

Leguminosae

Solanum nitidum

Solanaceae

AuAupunqa

Euphorbia peplus

Euphorbiaceae

Ipomoea minuta

Convolvulaceae

Euphorbia huanchahana

Euphorbiaceae

urqu nunupunqa

Thalictrum decipiens

Ranunculaceae

Auqchu

Salvia dombeyi

Labiatae

Salvia oppositiflora

Salvia rhombifolia

Castilleja fissifolia

Scrophulariaceae

ashnaq nuqchu

Alonsoa meridionalis

Scrophulariaceae

asul nuqchu

Lepechinia floribunda

Labiatae

Plumbago coerulea

Plumbaginaceae

Salvia sarmentosa

Labiatae

saqraq nuqchu

Siphocampylus tupaeformis

Campanulaceae

Salvia oppositiflora

Labiatae

Alonsoa meridionalis

Scrophulariaceae

velapi nuqchu

Siphocampylus tupaeformis

Campanulaceae

oca

Oxalis tuberosa

Oxalidaceae

higos oca

pawkar oca

oca oca

Oxalis petrophila

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis sp.

pampa oca oca

Oxalis petrophila

ortiga

Vrtica dioica

Urticaceae

p'irqa

p'ispita
p'isqu sillum
p'isqu sisaq

p'isqu sisan

pachaknti
paku yunqi
papa

ch'iri papa: q'usi
ch'in papa: wanu
imilla papa
intiq papan

intiq papan, killaq papan
killaq papan

puka qumpis (papa)
alka qumpis
mariba
qumpis
papa blanca
papa cusquena
papa mantaro
ruyaq wana (papa)
yana bole (papa)

Galinsoga quadriradiata

Bidens andicola var. descomposita

Heliopsis buphthalmoides

Stevia rhombifolia var. stephanacoma

Nicandra physalodes

Acalypha aronioides

Paronychia mandoniana

Metastelma sp.

Arenaria lanuginosa

Arenaria cf. digyna

Cerastium tucumanense

Paranephelius uniflorus

Aciachne acicularis

Solanum tuberosum

Peperomia peruviana
Dioscorea ancashensis
Peperomia peruviana
Peperomia verruculosa
Peperomia peruviana
Peperomia verruculosa
Solanum tuberosum

Compositae

Solanaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Caryophyllaceae

Asclepiadaceae

Caryophyllaceae

Compositae
Gramineae

Solanaceae

Piperaceae

Dioscoreaceae

Piperaceae

Solanaceae

116

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Local name

Latin name

Family

papa

yana mariba (papa)
yana papa: papa Clones
yana suytu (papa)
yana wiraqucha (papa)
yungay (papa)
virundis
atuq papa

Solatium acaule
Solatium tuberosum

paqpa

Agave amencana

Amaranthaceae

paraqay

sach'a paraqay

Colignonia weberbaueri

Nyctaginaceae

pasto

Melica scabra

Gramineae

Agropyron breviaristatum

arequipa pasto

Capsella bursa-pastoris

Cruciferae

kiru kiru pasto

Selaginella sp.

Selaginellaceae

pata pata pasto

Nasella pubiflora

Gramineae

si ma pasto

Poa horridula

si ma sima pasto

Mastigostyla sp.

Iridaceae

urqu pasto

Cyperus sesleroides

Cyperaceae

wila wila pasto

Gnaphalium cheiranthifolium

Compositae

sonsa pasto

Polypogon interruptus

Gramineae

Alopecurus aequalis

pata kaqra

Stevia macbridei var. anomala

Compositae

pavitos

Lathyrus longipes

Leguminosae

Vicia andicola

hatun pawitus

Lathyrus longipes

pampa pavitos

Lathyrus longipes

Vicia andicola

pavititos

Vicia andicola

puna pavitos

una pawituscha

pawituscha

paya paya

Senecio herrerae

Compositae

Nicandra physalodes

Solanaceae

payqu

Chenopodium ambrosioides

Chenopodiaceae

Iresine celosia

Amaranthaceae

Gomphrena elegans

anka payqu

Chenopodium incisum

Chenopodiaceae

perejil

hamp'atu perejil

Daucus montanus

Umbelliferae

Niphogeton stricta

Oreomyrrhis andicola

purun perejil

Lithospermum peruvianum

Boraginaceae

suk'a perejil

Daucus montanus

Umbelliferae

phalcha

Gentianella rima

Gentianaceae

Nicandra physalodes

Solanaceae

urqu phalcha

Halenia weddelliana

pampa phalcha

Gentiana dolichopoda

puna phalcha

Gentiana persquarrosa

phalcha phalcha

Gentiana dolichopoda

Gentianaceae

phanti

Cosmos peucedanifolius

Compositae

k'ita phanti

Onoseris albicans

Compositae

phanti phanti

phuya phuya

Nothoscordum andicola

Liliaceae

piki piki

Baccharis boliviensis

Compositae

pilli

ch'aki pilli

Genus unknown

Compositae

ch'aran pilli

Hypochoeris taraxacoides

c ha ran pilli

Taraxacum officinale

hayaq pilli

Hypericum caespitosum

Guttiferae

qhishwa pilli

Hypochoeris chilensis

Compositae

q'ara pilli

Paranephelius uniflorus

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

117

Local name

Latin name

Family

pimpinilla
puna pimpinilla
qhishwa pimpinilla

pinku pinku

pinqayllikista
piris piris

puka t'ika

putaqllanku
puya puya

q'armatu

q'ira

q'umu q u mu

q'utu q'utu

q'uya

qalaywala

pampa qalaywala
qhishwa qalaywala
china qalaywala
urqun qalaywala

qantu

puka qantu
qhillu qantu

qhitu qhitu

hembra qhitu qhitu
macho quitu qhitu
qhura

aqha aqha qhura
ashnaq qhura
asnaq qhura
khanan khanan qhura
uq'i qhura

paya paya qhura

piki piki qhura
q'umu q'umu qhura
suytu qhura

suytu suytu qhura

qhuracha
qimsa kuchu
qiyuna

quinua

k'ita quinua

ruyaq quinua
quncha

mka quncha

llanka quncha
qusmayllo

qusmayllu wayq'u
quwimira

rakha rakha

Metastelma sp.
Lalhyrus longipes
Chenopodium ambrosioides
Arcytophyllum thymifolium
Krameria lappacea
Ephedra americana
Gentiana persquarrosa
Gentiana microphylla
Salpichroa gayi
Clematis seemannii
Dahlia pinnata
Sicyos baderoa
Nothoscordum fictile

Nicotiana tomentosa

Senecio herrerae

Astragalus garbancillo

Luzula racemosa

Cyclanthera brachybotrys

Festuca sublimis

Elaphoglossum aff. petiolatwn

Polypodium angustifolium var. angustifolium

Elaphoglossum sp.

Polypodium crassifolium

Elaphoglossum sp.

Elaphoglossum sp.

Cantua buxifolia

Gamochaeta spicata
Gnaphalium mandonii
Gamochaeta spicata

Salpichroa glandulosa ssp. glandulosa

Ranunculus praemorsus var. praemorsus

Sigesbeckia jorullensis

Sigesbeckia jorullensis

Sigesbeckia jorullensis

Galinsoga mandonii

Relbunium croceum ssp. involucratum

Nicotiana tomentosa

Quinchamalium procumbens

Sisyrinchium laxum

Eupatorium volkensii

Bartsia sp.

Baccharis serrulata

Galinsoga mandonii

Baccharis genistelloides

Polylepis besseri

Polylepis incana

Chenopodium quinoa

Chenopodium quinoa ssp. milleanum

Chenopodium quinoa

Pleurocollybia cibaria

Genus unknown

Pleurocollybia aff. cibaria

Solanum arequipense

Solanum glandulosipilosum

Solanum ochrophyllum

Erodium cicutarium

Arracacia peruviana

Asclepiadaceae

Chenopodiaceae

Rubiaceae

Krameriaceae

Ephedraceae

Gentianaceae

Solanaceae

Ranunculaccae

Compositae

Cucurbitaceae

Liliaceae

Solanaceae

Compositae

Leguminosae

Juncaceae

Cucurbitaceae

Gramineae

Fern: Dryopteridaceae

Polypodiaceae

Fern: Dryopteridaceae

Polypodiaceae

Fern: Dryopteridaceae

Fern: Dryopteridaceae

Polemoniaceae

Compositae

Solanaceae

Ranunculaceae

Compositae

Compositae

Rubiaceae

Solanaceae

Santalaceae

Iridaceae

Compositae

Scrophulariaceae

Compositae

Compositae
Rosaceae

Chenopodiaceae

Fungi: Tricholomataceae
Fungi

Solanaceae

Geraniaceae
Umbelliferae

118

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Local name

I .11 in name

Family

rakhacha

k'ita rakhacha
puna rakhacha
raki raki

mayupi raki raki
pampa raki raki
urqun raki raki

rama. grama

ramos ramos

ramos de la quebrada
rata rata

retama
ruda

qhishwa ruda
ruphu
ruq'a

q'ara ruq'a

inka ruq'a
ruk'i
riiriilillu

sail! pupuha

salvahina

salvia

salvia del cerro

salvia nuqchu
salwahi
sambho quluta
san borja

puna san borgue
sangra sangra

urqun sangra sangra
santa lucia
santa mayra
sara
sara sara

sauk'u
saya saya
silk'iwa
sima

Arracacia aequatorialis
Arracacia xanthorrhiza
Arracacia peruviana

Asplenium monanthes

Cyst opt eris fragilis

Polystichum cochleatum

Polystichum montevidense

Polystichum orbiculatum

Cheilanthes marginata

Cheilanthes pruinata

Thelypteris glandulosolanosa

Thelypteris nitens

Thelypteris rufa

Thelypteris nitens

Cystopteris fragilis

Cheilanthes marginata

Pennisetum clandestinum

Bomarea dulcis

Bomarea andimarcana

Bomarea ovata

Bomarea dulcis

Galium aparine

Galium weberbaueri

Relbunium croceum ssp. involucratum

Spartium junceum

Ruta graveolens

Eremocharis triradiata

Urocarpidium shepardae

Opuntia sp.

Colletia spinosissima
Datura stramonium ssp. ferox

Saxifraga magellanica
Tillandsia usneoides
Lepechinia meyenii
Tillandsia recurvata
Salvia oppositiflora
Tillandsia usneoides
Monnina amarella

Onoseris albicans
Descurainia myriophyllum
Descurainia titicacensis
Brassica campestris
Artemisia absinthium
Tanacetum parthenium
Zea mays

Anthericum eccremorrhizum
Aa matthewsii
Altensteinia elliptica
Chloraea reticulata
Malaxis excavata
Valeriana coarctata
Valeriana micropterina
Commelina tuberosa
Sambucus peruviana
Oenothera versicolor
Bidens pilosa
Festuca quadridentata
Poa aff. horridula

Umbelliferae

Fem: Aspleniaceae
Fern: Dryopteridaceae

Fern: Pteridaceae
Fern: Thelypteridaceae

Fern: Thelypteridaceae
Fern: Dryopteridaceae
Fern: Pteridaceae
Gramineae
Amaryllidaceae

Rubiaceae

Leguminosae

Rutaceae

Umbelliferae

Malvaceae

Cactaceae

Rhamnaceae
Solanaceae

Saxifragaceae

Bromeliaceae

Labiatae

Bromeliaceae

Labiatae

Bromeliaceae

Polygalaceae

Compositae
Cruci ferae

Compositae

Compositae

Gramineae

Liliaceae

Orchidaceae

Valerianaceae

Commelinaceae

Caprifoliaceae

Onagraceae

Compositae

Gramineae

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

119

Local name

Latin name

Family

sima sima

Sisyrinchium praealtum

Iridaceae

suphu suphucha

Hieracium mandonii

Compositae

suka rura

Senecio calcenis

Compositae

Arcytophyllum thymifolium

Rubiaceae

sullullumay

Vallea stipularis

Elaeocarpaceae

sunch'a

Viguiera pazensis

Compositae

Viguiera procumbens

Compositae

sunchus

sunkha

kaka sunqi

Breutelia nigrescens

Moss: Bartramiaceae

Zygodon pichinchensis

Moss: Orthotrichaceae

qaqa sunkha

Tillandsia capillaris

Bromeliaceae

Tillandsia recurvata

Umbilicaria peruviana

Lichen: Gyrophoraceae

Cetrariastrum cf. nigrociliatum

Lichen: Parmeliaceae

supay kayqu

Nicotiana glauca

Solanaceae

supu supu

Azorella multifida

Umbelliferae

suq'a rura

Cardiospermum halicacabrum

Sapindaceae

Minima

Lysipomia laciniata var. vulgaris

Campanulaceae

Perezia pinnatifida

Compositae

Perezia pungens

pampa sutuma

Conyza deserticola

Phacelia secunda

Hydrophyllaceae

t'anqar

Dunalia spinosa

Solanaceae

Duranta cf. mandonii

Verbenaceae

qhishwa t'anqar

Lycianthes lycioides

Solanaceae

yuraq t'ika t'anqar

t'asta

Escallonia myrtilloides

Saxifragaceae

tanqa

puma tanqa

Azorella multifida

Umbelliferae

tamqa nunu

Wahlenbergia peruviana

Campanulaceae

tarwi

Lupinus mutabilis

Leguminosae

ruyaq tarwi

asul tarwi

tarwi

Lupinus aff. hornemanii

Leguminosae

tarwi tarwi

Astragalus uniflorus

Lupinus prostratus

tayanqa

Baccharis tricuneata var. robusta

Compositae

pampa tayanqa

Baccharis caespitosa var. alpina

Compositae

tintin

Passiflora mixta

Passifloraceae

tintincha

Passiflora gracilens

Passifloraceae

k'ita tintincha

tiqllay warmi

Senecio erosus

Compositae

trago trago

Oxalis steinbachii

Oxalidaccac

Oxalis sp.

trebol

Medicago hispida

Leguminosae

trebol de la quebrada

Thalictrum podocarpum

Ranunculaceae

trigo

Triticum aestivum

Gramineae

turphuy

Nototriche cf. pearcei

Malvaceae

ucho k'aspa

Calendula officinalis

Compositae

unka unka

Hesperomeles lanuginosa

Rosaceae

uphuy sum

Bowlesia flabilis

Umbelliferae

uq'i uq'i

Capsella bursa-pastoris

Cruciferae

uqururu

Mimulus glabratus

Scrophulariaceae

varilla varilla

Bomarea andimarcana

Amaryllidaceae

verbena

Verbena hispida

Verbenaceae

Oenothera rosea

Onagraceae

pampa verbena

Verbena hayekii

Verbenaceae

verguylawas

Boussingaultia sp. aff. diffusa

Basellaceae

violetas

Lobelia tenera

Campanulaceae

puna violetas

120

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

Local name

Latin name

Family

waka waka

Sarcostemma lysimachioides

Asclepiadaceae

wakaq khallun

Plantago australis ssp. pseudomollior

Plantaginaceae

wakatay

Tagetes terniflora

Compositae

.ill pa wallpa

Viola pygmaea

Violaceae

wallwa

Psoralea pubescens

Leguminosae

wamanpito

Columellia obovata

Columelliaceae

waranway

Tecoma stans

Bignoniaceae

wayq'untuy

Tillandsia oroyensis

Bromeliaceae

wayrakuma

Mutisia cochabambensis

Compositae

waysillu

Fuchsia apetala

Onagraceae

wihuhu

Tillandsia usneoides

Bromeliaceae

Phaseolus augustii

Leguminosae

wila wila

Hieracium mandonii

Compositae

Gnaphalium mandonii

wilk'u

Ipomoea piurensis

Convolvulaceae

Cologania pulchella

Leguminosae

willk'u

Cuscuta globifera

Convolvulaceae

Phaseolus augustii

Leguminosae

willq'u

Cuscuta corymbosa

Convolvulaceae

Nicandra physalodes

Solanaceae

wilq'u

Dioscorea piperifolia

Dioscoreaceae

winku siki

Cora pavonia

Lichen: Thelephoraceae

winku winku

Dichondra sericea

Convolvulaceae

Verbesina pflanzii

Compositae

winay wayna

china winay wayna

urqu winay wayna

wira q'uya

yana waqta
yawar ch'unqa

yawar ch. de las punas
mayu yawar ch'unka
qhillu t'ika yawar ch.
yerba de billarga

yerba de cancer

yunqu

yuyay hapichinkiy t'ika

zapatillas

mayu zapatillas

Lycopodium clavatum
Lycopodium spp. contiguum
Lycopodium crassum vel aff.
Tillandsia nana
Onoseris albicans

Asplenium aff. divaricatum
Hebecladus sp., Saracha herrerae
Oenothera rosea
Silene mandonii
Oenothera multicaulis
Epilobium denticulatum
Oenothera multicaulis
Hieracium mandonii
Malaxis excavata
Stachys aperta
Salvia rhombifolia
Genus unknown
Zinnia peruviana

Calceolaria scapiflora
Calceolaria sparsiflora
Calceolaria tripartita

Lycopodiaceae

Bromeliaceae
Compositae

Fern: Aspleniaceae

Solanaceae

Onagraceae

Caryophyllaceae

Onagraceae

Compositae
Orchidaceae
Labiatae

Moss: Family indet.
Compositae

Scrophulariaceae

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

121

General Index

List of generic, family (capitalized), and local (italicized) names.

Aa87
Acaena 94
Acalypha 67
Acaulimalva 85
achanqharas 45
achira 19, 48
achupaylla 46
achuqcha 65
Aciachne 10, 69
Acicarpha 47
Adesmia 79
Adiantum 38
Agave 41
Agropyron 70
ahinhus (ajenjd) 52
albergas (arvejas) 27, 82
alfaSl
alfalfa 80-81
Allocarya 45
allpalla 33
Alonsoa 96
Alopecurus 70
alosima 79
Aloysia 106
Alstroemeria 41
Altensteinia 87
Alternanthera 41
amapolas del campo 89
AMARANTHACEAE 41
Amaranthus 23
AMARYLLIDACEAE 41
ambar ambar 42, 66, 82
AMBLYSTEGIACEAE 34
ambrosacha 59
Ambrosia 16, 51
Amsmckia 45
ana panku 99
ana panqu 47
ANACARDIACEAE 42
Anacystis 34
Anemone vii, 93
angel tawna 84
anw (anis) 62
Anthericum 17, 83
afiu 19, 102
Aphanactis 5 1
aqha qupisun 92, 105
aquy k'aqka 105
Arcytophyllum 95
Arenaria 48
Argemone 89
Arisaema 107
Aristeguiet ia 5 1
Arracacia 19, 22, 103
Artemisia 5 1
ASCLEPIADACEAE 42
aselgas 92

ASPLENIACEAE 36
Asplenium 36

Astragalus 14, 79

Athalamia 35

Avena 27, 70

avena 70

awarunkhu 46

awilmantu 100

ayaq t'ika 97

ayaq waqtan 33, 39

ayllu(s)5,7-9, 11, 15, 18, 29

ayni 9

AYTONIACEAE 35

Azolla 39

Azorella 103

Baccharis 52
Barnadesia 16, 53
BARTRAMIACEAE 35
Bartsia 98, 107
BASELLACEAE 42
Begonia 45
BEGONIACEAE 45
BERBERIDACEAE 45
Berberis 45
Bidens 16, 53, 107
BIGNONIACEAE 45
bolsa bolsa 64
Bomarea 4 1
BORAGINACEAE 45
Bothriochloa 70
baton baton 93
Bougueria 9 1
Boussingaultia 25, 42
Bowlesia 103
Brachyotum 86
Brachypodium 10, 71
Brassica 11,20,25,64
Breutelia 35
BROMELIACEAE 46
Brugmansia 99
Buddleja 5, 25, 85
buton buton 104

cobra cobra 42
CACTACEAE 47
Caiophora 84
Calamagrostis 10, 71
Calandrinia 92
Calceolaria 98
Calendula 54
CALYCERACEAE 47
campanilla 87
CAMPANULACEAE 47
Campyloneuron 37
Canna 19, 22, 48
CANNACEAE 48

Cantua91

CAPRIFOLIACEAE 48
Capsella 64
capuli 12, 27, 95
Cardiospermum 96
cartucho 99

CARYOPHYLLACEAE 48
Castilleja 98
cebada 27, 72
cebolla cebolla 62, 76
cedron cedron 106
Cerastium 49
Cestrum 99
Cetrariastrum 33
ch'ankil 75
ch'apuch'apu 34
ch'ini phuytu 98
ch'iqu ch'iqu 105
ch'ullku(s) 80, 84, 88
ch'ullqu(s) 88
ch'unu 19-22, 102
chachaquma 96
chawi chawi 105
Cheilanthes 38
CHENOPODIACEAE 49
Chenopodium 19, 49
chichira 64

chili chili vii, 68-69, 93, 104
chilka 53
china china 59
chinchamali 78
chinchirkuma 58
chiqchi 45
chiqchipa 60
chiqllumdy 66
chiqllurway 66
Chloraea 88

CHROOCOCCACEAE 34
Chuquiraga 55
cilantro 93, 105
Cirsium 55
Citharexylum 106
clavel 92
Clematis 93
CLEVEACEAE 35
coca 66
coca coca 5 1
cola de caballo 40
Colignonia 86
Colletia 93
Cologania 80
Columellia 50
COLUMELLIACEAE 50
Commelina 51
COMMELINACEAE 51
COMPOSITAE51
CONVOLVULACEAE 63
Conyza 55
Cora 34

122

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

corbojo 78
Coriandrum 103
Cortaderia 12, 71
Cosmos 55

CRASSULACEAE 63
Crotalaria 80
CRUCIFERAE 64
CUCURBITACEAE 65
CUNONIACEAE 65
Cuscuta 63
Cyclanthera 65
CYPERACEAE 65
Cynanchum 42
Cyperus 65
Cystopteris 36

Dahlia 55
Dalea 80
Datura 99
Daucus 103
Dennstaedtia 36
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE 36
Descuramia 64
Dianthus 49
Dichondra 63
Dioscorea 66
DIOSCOREACEAE 66
DIPLOSCHISTACEAE 33
Diploschistes 18, 33
Distichlis 7 1
Draba 64

DRYOPTERIDACEAE 36
Dumortiera 36
Dunalia 99
Duranta 106
duraznillo 55, 86
durazno 95
durazno durazno 95

Echeveria 63
ELAEOCARPACEAE 66
Elaphoglossum 36
Elodea 75
Ephedra 40
EPHEDRACEAE 40
Epidendrum 88
Epilobium 86
EQUISETACEAE 40
Equisetum 40
Erdisia 47
Eremocharis 103
ERICACEAE 66
Erodium 68
Eryngium 25, 104
ERYTHROXYLACEAE 66
Erythroxylum 66
Escallonia 96
escobilla 55
eucalipto 86
eucalistu 86
Eucalyptus 86
Eupatorium 56
Euphorbia 25, 67

EUPHORBIACEAE 67
Evemiopsis 34

faena 9
fawka 56
Festuca 10-11, 71
Flourensia 56
Foeniculum 104
Fragaria 94
frutilla 94

frutilla frutilla 17, 87
Fuchsia 1 7, 87

Galinsoga 56
Galium 95
Gamochaeta 56
Gentiana 67
GENTIANACEAE 67
Gentianella 11, 68
GERANIACEAE 68
Geranium vii, 68
Gnaphalium 56
Gomphrena 4 1
GRAMINEAE 69
granadillas 89
Grindelia 57
GUTTIFERAE 74
GYROPHORACEAE 33

habas 83
Hackelia 46
Halenia 25, 68

HALORRHAGIDACEAE 75
hamingay 48
hampi 17
hanq 'as 80-81, 98
hataqllu 75
Hebecladus 100
Hedeoma 78
Heliopsis 57
Heliotropium 46
Hesperomeles 94
Hesperoxiphion 76
Hieracium 57
hinojo 104
Hordeum 27, 72
husqa 80
huwisk'i 47

HYDROCHARITACEAE 75
Hydrocotyle vii, 104
HYDROPHYLLACEAE 75
Hypericum 74
Hypochoeris 57
Hypotrachyna 33
Hypoxis 1 7, 42
Hypseocharis 16, 88

ichu 71-73
ichu ichu 11

inca coca 38-39
Ipomoea 63
Iresine 4 1
IRIDACEAE 76
isphinhuy 5 1

JUGLANDACEAE 77
Juglans 77
JUNCACEAE 77
Juncus 11, 77
Jungia 57

k'anlli 60
k'aqlla 47
Kakeneckia 94
kamasayri 100
kampachu 99
kanchalawa 59
karwinchu 89
khallampa 32
khana 58, 60
khisa 60, 75, 84, 104
khishqa 47, 55, 99
khishqa khishqa 99
khuchi khuchi 42, 83, 88
khunuqa 79
khuytu 50
khuyu 65, 77
kiku 53, 93
kipalvu 4 1
kiswar 85
kiwicha 23
kiyawcha 88
Krameria 78
KRAMERIACEAE 78
kunquna 63, 90
kuychi kuychi 63

LABIATAE 78
Lachemilla 94
lucre 48
lacre lacre 99, 106

1 annum 78
Lamprothyrsus 72
Lathyrus 80
layu 62
layu layu 82
leche leche 63
LEGUMINOSAE 79
Lemna 83
LEMNACEAE 83
Lepechinia 78
Lepidium 64
Lepista 32
Leucanthemum 57
LILIACEAE 83
LINACEAE 84
Linum 84
lirio 76
lisa(s) 19,43

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

123

Lithospermum 46
llanten llanten 88
llaqhi 92
Hawlli 53, 55
lluki 94
llullu 64
//W//MC/W 34
//<7'; //w<7'/ 84
//M//IM lluthu 47
//MM //Mtfw 94
Loasa 84
LOASACEAE 84
Lobelia 47
Lobivia 47
LOGANIACEAE 85
Lolium 72
lomo lomo 88
Lunularia 35
LUNULARIACEAE 35
Lupinus 19, 81
luraypu 63
Luzula 77
Lycianthes 100
LYCOPODIACEAE 40
Lycopodium 40
Lysipomia 48

mocha mocha 66

maize 1 1

maki maki 33, 35

Malaxis 88

Malus 27, 94

Malva 85

MALVACEAE 85

malvas 85

manay 10

manka p'aki (paki) 56, 60, 62, 86

manzana 94

manzanilla 58

maransiras 48, 63, 106

Marchantia 36

MARCHANTIACEAE 36

margaritas 58, 62

Margyricarpus 94

markhu 5 1

Masdevallia 88

Mastigostyla 76

matiqllu 93

Matricana 58

maway 20

maych'a 56, 59

Medicago 8 1

mejorana 98-99

MELASTOMATACEAE 86

Melica 72

Melilotus 8 1

Mentzelia 84

Metastelma 42

michi michi 65

Mimulus 99

minkha 9

Minthostachys 19, 78

Mirabilis 86

mirminada 106

MNIACEAE 35

molle 42
Monnina 92
Morchella 32
MORCHELLACEAE 32
Moschopsis 47
mostaza 64
mostazilla 65
much'u 77
Muehlenbeckia 92
Muhlenbergia 72
mullaka 92
muna 78
Munnozia 58
muqu muqu 52, 65, 86
murmunkis 106
muthuy 82
Mutisia 58
muyuy 10
Myriophyllum 75
MYRTACEAE 86

nabo 64

naranja naranja 40
Nasella 10, 72
Nasturtium 64
negro uman 104
Nicandra 100
Nicotiana 12, 17, 100
Niphogeton 104
niwa 70-72
niwaq qhura 73
nogal 77
Nostoc 34

NOSTOCACEAE 34
Notholaena 39
Nothoscordum 84
Nototriche 10-11, 85
nudo nudo 52
nukhaw 99
nunumiya 82, 101
hunupunqa 63, 67, 93
nuqchuW, 78,91,98
NYCTAGINACEAE 86

oca 19, 88
oca oca 88
Oenothera 87
ONAGRACEAE 86
Oncidium 88
Onoseris 58
Opuntia 47
ORCHIDACEAE 87
Oreomyrrhis 105
Oritrophium 58
ORTHOTRICHACEAE 35
ortiga 104

OXALIDACEAE 88
Oxalis 19, 88

p'irqa 53, 56-57, 60, 100
p'ispita 67

p'isqu sillum 49

p'isqu sisaq 42

pachakuti 58

paku yunqi 69

pampa 11-13

papa 19, 102

PAPAVERACEAE 89

paqpa 4 1

Paranephelius 58

paraqay 86

PARMELIACEAE 33

Paronychia 49

Passiflora 12, 27, 89

PASSIFLORACEAE 89

pasto 39, 57, 64-65, 70, 72-73, 76

pata kaqra 60

pavitos 80, 82

pay a pay a 59, 100

payqu 41, 49

Pellaea 39

Peltigera 33

PELTIGERACEAE 33

Pennisetum 72

Penstemon 99

Peperomia22, 91

perejil 46, 104

Perezia 58, 107

Pernettya 66

Phacelia 76

phalcha 67-68

phalcha phalcha 67

phanti 55, 58

Phaseolus 8 1

phuya phuya 84

piki piki 52

Pilea 104

pilli 57-58, 61, 75

pimpinilla 42, 49, 80

pinku pinku 40, 78, 95

pinqayllikista 67

PIPERACEAE 90

piris piris 93, 100

Pisum 27, 82

Plagiochasma 35

Plagiomnium 35

PLANTAGINACEAE 91

Plantago 9 1

Pleurocollybia 33

PLUMBAGINACEAE 91

Plumbago 9 1

Poa73

POLEMONIACEAE 91

POLYGALACEAE 92

POLYGONACEAE 92

Polylepis 5, 25, 94

POLYPODIACEAE 37

Polypodium 25, 38

Polypogon 73

Polystichum 37

PORTULACACEAE 92

potato 12, 19

Prunus 12, 27, 95

Psoralea 82

PTERIDACEAE 38

Pteris 39

puka t'ika 55

124

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

puna 10
putaqllanku 65
Puya 46
puya puya 84

q'armatu 59, 100
q'ira 79

q'umu q'umu 77
<J'M/ ^'M/M 65
q'uya 72
qalaywala 36, 38

qhishwaS, 10-12

<//?/m <//;//// 56

(7/iura 53, 56, 77, 93, 95-96, 98, 100-

101

qimsa kuchu 52
qiyuna 94
Quinchamalium 96
quinoa 19
quinua 19, 49-50
quncha 33
qusmayllu 101
quwimira 68

103

rakhacha 19, 103
rafa rafa 36-38, 40
rama 72
ramos 41

RANUNCULACEAE 92
Ranunculus 93
Raphanus 65
ra/a rat a 95
Relbunium 95
retama 82

RHAMNACEAE 93
Ribes 96
ROSACEAE 94
RUBIACEAE 95
ruda 95, 103
ruk'i 93
Rumex 92
ruphu 86

rurutillu 99
Ruta 25, 95, 107
RUTACEAE 95

salli pupuha 96
Salpichroa 100
salvahina 46
Salvia 78
salvia 46, 78
SALVINIACEAE 39
salwahi 46
sambho quluta 92
Sambucus 48
son 60r/a 58
sangra sangra 64

lucia 5 1

mayra 60
SANTALACEAE 96
SAPINDACEAE 96
sara 74

sara jara 51, 83, 87-88, 105
Saracha 101
Sarcostemma 42
Satureja 79
sauk'u 48
Saxifraga 96
SAXIFRAGACEAE 96
say a saya 87
Schinus 42
Schkuhria 59
Sciaromium 34
Scirpus 65

SCROPHULARIACEAE 96
Selaginella 39
SELAGINELLACEAE 39
Senecio 13, 59
Senna 16, 82
Sicyos 65
Sigesbeckia 60
Silene 49
silk'iwa 54
sima 71, 73
si ma sima 77
Siphocampylus 48
Sisymbrium 65
Sisyrinchium 77
SOLANACEAE 99
Solan urn 101
Sonchus 60
Spartium 82
Stachys 79
Stenomesson 25, 42
Stevia 60
Sticta 33

STICTACEAE 33
Stipa 10, 73
suka rura 59, 95
sullullumay 66
sunch'u 62
sunkha 33, 46
sunqi 35

supay kayqu 1 00
suphu suphucha 57
supu supu 103
suq'a rura 96
sutuma 48, 58

t'anqar 100, 106
t'asta 96
Tagetes 25, 60
Tanacetum 60
tanqa 103
tapura 19
Taraxacum 61
Targionia 36
TARGIONIACEAE 36
taruqa nunu 48
tarwi 19
tarwi tarwi 79, 8 1

tayanqa 53
Tecoma 45

TELOSCHISTACEAE 33
Teloschistes 33
Thalictrum 93
THELEPHORACEAE 34
THELYPTERIDACEAE 40
Thelypteris 40
Tillandsia 46
tintin 89
tiqllay war mi 59
trago trago 89
rrcfta/81,93

TRICHOLOMATACEAE 32
Trifolium 82
trigo 74
Trisetum 73
Triticum 27, 73
TROPAEOLACEAE 102
Tropaeolum 102
turphuy 85

uchu k'aspa 54
Ullucus 19,43
UMBELLIFERAE 103
Umbilicaria 33
unka unka 94
uphuy sum 104
uq'i uq'i 64
uqururu 99
Urocarpidium 86
urqu 5
Urtica 105
URTICACEAE 104
Usnea 34
USNEACEAE 34

Valeriana 105
VALERIANACEAE 105
Vallea 66
varilla varilla 4 1
Verbena 106
verbena 87, 106
VERBENACEAE 106
Verbesina 6 1
verguylawas 43
Veronica 99
Vicia 26, 82-83
Viguiera 62
Villadia 63
Vilobia 62
Viola 10, 106
VIOLACEAE 106
violet as 47

Wahlenbergia 48
waka waka 42
wakaq khallun 9 1
wakatay 60
wallpa wallpa 106

FRANQUEMONT ET AL.: ETHNOBOTANY OF CHINCHERO

125

wallwa 82 winku siki 34 yerba de billarga 57, 88

wamanpito 51 winku winku 62-63 yerba de cancer 79

waranway 45 winay wayna 40, 46 yunqu 35

wayo'untuy 46 vwra q'uyd 58 ywyoy hapichinkiy t'ika 62

wayrakuma 58 Woodsia 37

waysillu 87

Weinmannia 65

Werneria 10, 62 zapatillas 98

wihuhu 47, 82 Xanthoparmelia 33 Zea 21, 74

w/7a w/7a 57 Zinnia 62

wilk'u 63, 80 Zygodon 35

willk'u63, 81

, 100 yana waqta 36

66 yawar ch'unqa 49, 56, 86-87, 100

126

FIELDIANA: BOTANY

'